Research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Research paper - Essay Example The essence of all these tax systems is to collect tax for the government, and enhance the ability of the government to provide essential goods and eservices to its citizens. Nevertheless, the application of different types of tax systems and their calculations have been confusing to the citizens. While some tax systems seem to create equality for all people, regardless of whether they are rich or poor, others seem to favor the poor, by making the rich pay higher taxes. Taxation should have a neutral effect on all people, considering that it is not a voluntary contribution, but an enforced contribution established by the laws (Robert, 194). Nevertheless, to help close the gap between the rich and the poor, and create a system of fairness, people should pay taxes based on the income that they earn. Therefore, the rich should pay higher taxes than the poor. Making the rich pay higher taxes than the poor will increase the efficiency of income distribution in the economy. When the rich p eople are taxed higher than the poor through the progressive tax system, which increases the rate of taxation with an increase in the income to be taxed, the amount of tax obtained is relatively higher to the one obtained when a flat rate of tax is applied (Robert, 191). This being the case, it increases the amount of resources that the government has at hand, which can then be reinvested back to the economy, through enhancing and increasing the provision of goods and services to the citizens. However, if all people are taxed at a flat rate, the rich will certainly save more than the poor, since after the taxation, they will be left with a higher amount of income. The problem with this concept is the fact that the rich may choose to save the extra income they have, other than reinvest it in the economy, creating a shortage of the resources circulating in the economy, thus making the provision of essential goods and eservices inefficient (Robert, 196). Therefore, the intervention of the government to ensure a higher taxation of the rich, compared to the poor is vital, since it forces the rich to release the extra income and place it at the disposal of the economy, where it can be used to serve all people, and mostly the poor, through providing them with essential services, since they need them more than the rich. Another reason why the rich should be taxed more than the poor is the fact that this would increase the purchasing power of the poor, who are the majority in the economy. Taxing the rich more than the poor means that the poor will be left with a higher percentage of their revenues at their disposal (Robert, 192). This makes it possible for their purchasing power to be increased, which also serves to stimulate the economic contribution they make to the economy. The higher the purchasing power of the people, the higher the contribution they make to the economy. Additionally, taxing the rich higher than the poor will make it possible for the poor to save a substantial quantity of their incomes, and then start investing into the economy through starting small businesses (Robert, 195). This is beneficial compared to taxing all people at a flat rate, which would mean that the rich people would save more of their incomes than the poor, since the rich do not necessarily need to invest. Therefore, while income in the hands of the poor is

Main economic case in favour of globalisation

Main economic case in favour of globalisation 1. Introduction The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) defined globalisation as,The geographical dispersion of industrial and service activities for example, research and development, sourcing of inputs, production and distribution and the cross border networking of companies through joint ventures and the sharing of assets. According to Bhagwati and Jagdish (2004)economic globalization is the integration of national economies into the international economy throughtrade, for examples such as foreign direct investment, migration, and the technology transfer from one country to another. Despite, globalization recognised as combination of economic, technological, socio-cultural, political, and biological factors (Sheila, 2004). The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages, orpopular culturethroughacculturation. Economic activity is becoming organised on a global scale giving a new international division of labour, with production, investment patternsand movements and technology transfers all becoming global. In thisstrategy, activities are established in many sites spread over theworld, based on a countrys comparative advantage. 2. Factors that have led to the process of increased globalisation The rapid effects of globalisation can be linked to the growth of multi-national firms, since products and services have been increasingly internationalised, seen in the development of globalised supply chains. In addition to this, the deregulation of capital markets also makes it easier to achieve acquisitions and mergers. This has resulted in the expansion of the trans-national activities of multi-national firms, and particularly in motor cars, oil, pharmaceuticals, airlines and financial services. There has been an accompanying integration and fusion of national markets, in part through free trade zones such as NAFTA and AFTA, and often reflected in the escalation of foreign direct investment, including in the less developed world. Reference should also be made to cross-border connectivity in other words, the development of new information technologies, and the accompanying new ways of buying and selling goods and services. The process of globalisation is mainly motivated by the desire of corporations to increase profits and by governments intent upon tapping into the potential economic and social benefits that come from increased trade in goods, services and the free flow of financial capital. Among the factors, this essay has divided main drivers that accelerated the production and market globalization into two aspects which are static aspects and dynamic aspects. 3. Static trade globalisation 3.1. Technology Modern artefact and technological are a static aspects which accelerated global economies. In 1980s, the world communication has experienced a fundamental change in the perception of the world and one of the reaching transformations has been the economic structural changes on the global scale. The fundamental of these changes is seen to lie on the technological information revolution for example the intranet in US army base commercialise to market. The innovation of the new technologies has made many countries to grow and a good example in this case is e-marketing. The change in Technological have reducing the cost of transmitting information in other word new technologies presence death of distance. The internet has allowedinformation and communication technology to flourish for example E-business. Internet communications with branches, suppliers, plants, distributors andcustomers generally do not require a physical presence in another country, while much can be achieved through lic ensing and franchising. As a result administration costs have fallen as firms from different parts of the globe can trade efficiently and effectively. 3.2. Trade Liberlisation Another influential factor is the desire to circumvent tariff and non-tariff barriers by regional trading blocs. For example, the World Trade Organisation (WTO), which replaced the former GATT, was set up to help promote free trade by persuading countries to abolish tariffs and other barriers to open markets. The full benefits of trade liberalization are difficult to quantify. Studies evaluating the effects of trade liberalization under the Uruguay Round completed in 1994 estimate that the increase in annual global income could reach US$200 billion once the reduction in tariffs, export subsidies and quotas negotiated are fully implemented. A similarly positive outlook is provided by the Doha Round. With a 50 percent reduction in tariffs, the World Bank model suggests a real income gain for developing countries of US$ 83 billion or 1 percent, and an exports lift of 14.6 percent. High-income countries see a 0.3 percent real income gain of US$ 67 billion and a 2.8 percent increase in ex ports (Garrett and Goldin and Rodrik, 2003). 3.3. Comparative Advantage Supporters of the WTO argued that there could be substantial economic welfare gains if there was integration of the worlds economy into a single international market. Based upon Ricardos Theory of Comparative Advantage, it was argued that free trade was likely to benefit countries. By allowing each country to specialise in full orpart production would be concentrated in locations which will enjoy the comparative advantage. It was further argued that specialisation in one type of export was likely to improve its quality and perhaps reduce production costs. For example, Belgian chocolates are exported worldwide. Their high quality is due to expert skills that their producers developed, a process known as learning by doing. Their average costs have also been lowered, by the use of specialised labour and capital; through specialised knowledge and research and development and also perhaps through economies of scale. 3.4. Growth of Multi-National Enterprise (MNE) The growth of multi-national firms has contributed to the rapid increase in globalisation. Firstly, a multi-national firm can bedefined as a company that produces in more than one country. Inpractice, globalisation has involved MNEs because the scale of their investment is such that the sales of the largest MNEs exceed the entire GDP of many countries. Many MNEs have moved their production from the west to developing countries because they want to benefit from that countrys comparative advantage, usually access to much lower labour costs. Due to the low standard of living in many developing economies and lack of government legislation MNEs often locate in areas of high unemployment. Therefore they are likely to benefit from a continuous cheap supply of labour. In theory, this has led to the international division of labour. 3.5. Deregulation National economies have become increasingly integrated, leading to a growth in the number of trading blocs and economic unions. The process has been facilitated by the increased mobility of both physical and financial capital, the latter reflecting the trend towards the abolition of capital controls, the deregulation of financial markets, and the opening up of capital markets in LDCs and in the former Soviet bloc. 4. Dynamic trade of globalisation The European continent has seen a lot of dramatic changes over the past decades. Two world wars have been fought here and new countries have evolved every decade. With such a dynamic place as Europe one would think that trade would be a significantly contributing factor to the globalization of the continent. Taking this one step further it is most likely that other factors such as trade affinities are believed to facilitate trade flows between the trading parties which in turn have yielded a higher state of globalization. In order to be able to determine the effects that trade affinities have had on globalization through time one must first start by determining the meaning of the word globalization. Harris (1993) states in his article Globalization, trade, and income To economists globalization is generally thought of as the increasing internationalization of the production, distribution, and marketing of goods and services. (Harris, 1993, p755). By taking this one step further one can look at globalization as the term use when define the process, or evolution, of the welfare around the world. Although, Harris argues that the definition of globalization alters between subjects but that its importance remains the same no matter the discussion. However one defines globalization it is surely a development that is having a profound impact on the subject of economics as a whole and ought to have on the field of international economics in particular. (Harris, 1993, p. 756) To understand and describe globalization it is not enough to concentrate on the static aspect and the primary phenomena. Not less important for the globalization dynamic are the consequences and rebound effects. 4.1. Improve poverty Poverty reduction has remained the central challenge to majority of the countries especially the developing countries. It is with the help of globalization that majority of the countries have been in a position to reduce their poverty levels. There is great evidence that with the introduction of globalization, it has been in a position to eradicate poverty levels and eventually accelerating growth in most of the countries. It is an important catalytic role in both accelerating growth and also at the same time reducing poverty levels. A good example in this case can be explained by analyzing the developing countries. The developing countries have been in a position to grow out of globalization especially in agriculture sector. This is because with globalization, it means that there is a common market for goods and services and at the same time there are no restrictions to trade. It means that the developing countries that are not in a position to compete with the already developed countries can now compete well with them since you find that with globalization, it means free trade that is a trade which is free from trade restriction. Most of the developing countries found it hard to trade globally due to the introduction of tariffs which were usually high for the infant industries to meet. They had limited exports since the tariffs which were imposed when exporting these goods and services were high hence leading to the increased costs of production. It is out of the increased costs of production that the infant industries from the developing countries could not realize their competitive advantage hence leading to increased poverty levels to these countries. As a result, the countries which are still underg oing development can now benefit from globalization since it means that they are in a position to export their products freely and hence can compete effectively with the other developed countries. As a result, it means that globalization has done so much in eradicating poverty levels especially in the developing countries (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). 4.2. Increase employment Globalization accelerated growth from opening, an accelerated creation of private companies or MNEs and trade expansion have substantially accelerated the pace of job creation. During 1982-1999, the number of new jobs created in manufacturing and services almost doubled from 1965-1982 (Hauser and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli, 2002). Source: adopted from Hauser and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli in WTO news creates additional jobs (2002) According to Eurostat statistic data, in the 17 years from 1982 to 1999, 34 million jobs were created on average every year in manufacturing and services worldwide. From 1991 to 1999, 30.6 million new jobs were created worldwide, slightly less than during the period 1982-1991. This slowdown in job creation is the result of the restructuring of the formerly socialist economies in Europe (CEE/CIS), as the result of earlier mistakes and misallocations during the communist period. Another event was the 1997 Asian crisis that, according to ILO estimates, destroyed approximately 10 million jobs (ILO, 2000). But this latter event came after a period of very high job creation; for the whole period 1991-1999 it is the job losses in Eastern Europe that practically explain the difference, both in absolute and relative terms, in job creation vis-ÃÆ'Â  -vis the 1982-1991 period. Between 1982 and 1999, employment growth was mainly in emerging economies, plus about 80 percent in Latin America and in Africa/Middle East, close to 120% in developing Asia. The very high pace of employment creation in emerging economies has not been a zero-sum game; all regions in the industrialized world participated in the employment gains, both in absolute terms and also relative to total population. The only area with unsatisfactorily low growth in employment was the European Union, but this was clearly not a consequence of globalizationbut of the excessive rigidities that constitute an obstacle to markets adjustments. 4.3. Enhanced economic interdependence The sharp rise in trade has been accompanied by an even faster increase in foreign investment flows, as industries and companies relocate production processes throughout the world. During 1980-1997, world foreign direct investment flows increased at an annual average rate close to 15 percent, almost twice as fast as trade growth and considerably faster than world output. In particular, during the 1993-1998 periods, foreign direct investment (FDI) flows rose at an even faster rate, from US$219 billion to US$692 billion (UN, 2001). Developing countries for long only receivers of FDI have now also become investors abroad. Trueglobalization does not mean one-way flows, but it means true interdependence. Economic interdependence can be taken to mean the economic corporation of many countries. Many countries are thought to have increased their economic interdependence. These countries are seen to come together for the trade purposes. A good example in this case can be seen in the formation of NAFTA, WTO, and UNACTAD among other bodies which are said to have increased the production and the market globalization. A good example in this case is NAFTA (North American free Trade association). It is with the formation of NAFTA the member countries have been in a position to expand in growth. This is because it is a free trade association between the member countries whereby there are reduced tariffs to the members of the association. So, the infant industries in these countries can be protected hence leading to their increased production. These countries will be in a position to produce more goods and services and sale them globally hence leading to the growth of the economy. So, it can be argued that the increased economic interdependence has led to the increased production of goods and services and also the globalization market. This is because these countries have made trade agreements so that they can promote trade (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). It is also with the increased economic integration that economies have been in a position to improve on infrastructure. The communication process in this case has been made easy since the communication travel for these goods are made easy. With a good infrastructure, the production of these goods and services have increased since they can be transported quickly and marketed so quickly. The integrated labour force is also another area which has led to the increased production of goods. This is because the integrated labour ensures that people from other countries can work in a given country as long as they have the skills. As result, more expertise in the production hence lead to the increased production and the globalization market (Boswell, and Dimitris, 1997). Conclusion Globalization is one of the areas that led to most economies to improve. A good can be explained by analyzing the developing countries that they have benefited from the technologies developed by the rich countries. Without globalization that most of the developing countries that could not compete effectively with the developed countries are seen to benefit a lot from the issue of globalization. The rich countries are not better off because they have taken prosperity away from the poor ones; rather, the poor countries are better off because, but situation would have further improved had they been better prepared to capture the benefits of globalization. In additional, globalization is seen to have so many advantages in term of social, economical, and political aspects. It is seen to have increased production hence leading to the economic growth of countries especially in the developing countries. REFERENCES: Bhagwati, Jagdish (2004).In Defense of Globalization. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Pres Boswell, T and Dimitris, S. 1997. Globalization and International Labor Organizing: A World-system Perspective.Work and Occupations,24(3), pp.288-308. Garrett, Michael; Goldin, Ian A.; Rodrik, Dani (2003); Scenarios International Trade and Doha Development Agenda; World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos January 2003. Harris, G. R. (1993). Globalization, trade, and income. Retrieved Febuary 7th , 2010 from http://www.jstor.org/sici?sici=00084085(199311)26%3A4%3C755%3AGTAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 Hauser, H and OberhÃÆ'Â ¤nsli, H. (2002). Globalization creates additional jobs; in: WTO-News; University St. Gallen February; www.wto-news.ch. ILO (2000). World Labour Report 2000. Income security and social protection in a changing world. Geneva: ILO. Martin, Will- Winters, Alan (Eds.) (1996). The Uruguay Round and the Developing Countries. World Bank and Cambridge University Press. London, U.K. Sheila L. C (2004).Globalization and Belonging: The Politics of Identity in a Changing World. United Nations (2001).World Investment Report 2001: Promoting Linkages. UNCTAD. New York, U.S.A. and Geneva, Switzerland.

Essay --

Legalizing Organ Sales When an individual thinks of the United States of America, the thought of hope and freedom comes to mind, but behind closed doors there is something opposite of that. There is a world where human organs give hope and freedom to people, not the promises of America. There is a world where one organ can be the difference between life or death for patients. This organ world can be fixed by allowing the sales of organs in America, allowing more organs for more patients. The sale of human organs should be legalized because it would stop the black market and people are in need of organs. The black market is an illegal underground economy, where people can sell anything they want, including organs. This is a very dangerous market, because people will do virtually anything to make money off of organs, including harming other people. â€Å"Reports on black market surgeries detail operations taking place in outdated, dangerous facilities† ( The Sale of Human Organs Should be Allowed 2). Having these operations being done for the black market is very hazardous and unsafe, pe...

To what extent is ”Frankenstein’ concerned with the theme of education and what does it have to say about the advantages and disadvantages of this?

In Frankenstein, education cannot simply be considered as an ordinary theme, because there are so many differing angles which are represented throughout. It primarily depends however on what actually counts as education in the first place; does it have to be necessarily formal, or does it also count if it is information passed on from one family member to another, or even if it is simply something gleaned from the environment that surrounds us. This is the question that must be answered, as well as deciphering what methods Shelley uses to convey the fact that education is essential for the books' events to occur. In Frankenstein from the very beginning, whenever Victor is mentioned, it is in the context of learning, or of having learnt something crucial. This is in comparison to Walton, whose knowledge appears to come from his exploration, from his search for a true companion who can accompany him throughout the rest of his life, someone who will truly understand him. Walton's knowledge is not just from experiences, but also from studying, from academia, as well as from his perceptions of the world around him, and from what his morals command him to either do or not to do. However, despite all of his academia, he is still astonished when he is told about Frankenstein's creature, and even more so when he views it for himself. This proves that despite formal education, there will still be gaps of knowledge, and the power to surprise will always exist. Victor relates to Walton all about how his education was formulated, what exactly he had learnt from his bad experiences with books and at Ingolstadt, and by focussing on outdated science such as those ideas thought of by Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus. The point blank refutation by his father of these theories and ideas did not mean that Victor realised they were hopelessly incorrect; on the contrary, he ‘continued to read with the greatest avidity'. This reading eventually led to the creation of the creature, which although being a tremendous achievement in its own right, is something which directly contravenes the natural order of things, and is therefore a sin. By studying such ‘wild fantasies' and not instead reading something far more ‘real and practical', he allowed himself to be taken into the world of unnatural occurrences, where he would be able to achieve incredible things, but at the same time ‘terrible'. At Ingolstadt, Victor was further mislead from the path of true science by Krempe who did not capture his imagination, and possessed a ‘repulsive countenance' and instead continued to strive towards conquering death through reanimating and creating his own perfect being. It does bring up questions of who ought to be able to control life and death, which the creature then follows through killing, through controlling the manner and time of death of those that Victor held dear. However, despite the creature's education through learning from his surroundings, there is still some quality to him which is not human. This is indeed the lack of any sort of moral structure; he is not able to empathise, or realise that what he does is wrong. This can be shown by ‘you belong then to my enemy-to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim.' Perhaps in some way he acknowledges it as wrong, but due to his previous experience with the people in the cabin, he now no longer wishes to be like them, and wants to separate himself from society. This separation means he then becomes particularly cold blooded, but he does know that it will prove effective in affecting Frankie. Due to the creature describing his ‘heart swelling with exultation and triumph', it demonstrates that to some extent the creature has developed sophisticated planning, because it was not spur of the moment (the fact that there is no regret mentioned proves this). The creature has learnt to be cold from his ‘father's' abandonment of him, and the people in the cabin rejecting him solely on the basis of physical appearance. Therefore he has learnt that to cause emotional suffering is the best way to commit revenge; the preferred method of hurt is to destroy someone's heart. The creature's knowledge did not turn out to have a positive effect on anyone's life, but rather ended up causing several deaths and miserable lives for many. Whether or not the creature deserved to be given a full education is still unclear, but it shows that knowledge can be very harmful. However it did not appear to be so for Safie, who was also learning at the same time as the creature, albeit it not as surreptitiously as it, because Safie simply learnt the language and was not mentioned as having later committed acts of evil. The creature learnt from afar, much as an infant does, by listening to language and eventually picking up the ability to manipulate it in one's own way, although he evidently learnt from books as well for research and insight. Despite all this, he still isn't an intellectual, and primarily learns about his strength, about others and about others' perceptions of him through trial and error. There is the question of whether or not the creature was solely spurred on by William's being such an unpleasant child or whether it was simply in the creature's blood. Nevertheless, this proves that to some extent, people learn behaviours from what they experience of what occurs around them, and it is not just pre-learned behaviour. It raises the question of whether the creature would have been more docile if either Victor had directly cared for him, or provided a creature as a friend. He has learnt to become so disillusioned with humanity, that now they are now worthless to him, even a defenceless young child. This heinous crime doesn't mean anything to him, in the same way that it didn't technically mean anything to Victor to about the creature; only disgust about what he had created was realised. This disgust can be easily understood, because he has managed to reanimate dead flesh; who is to say that there might not be some imprint of the personality of the old owner of these body parts existing still? Despite the addition of ‘luxuriances' such as ‘lustrous black, flowing hair', it is still a crime against nature, and also raises the moral question of whether or not the creature learns from scratch with his blank slate of a ‘child brain', or whether he simply possesses the mind of the old brain. How a new creature made from death can still have life, particularly have its own mind is uncertain, especially when we consider that the creature must suddenly have had a consciousness emerge out of oblivion, but all we know is that there must be something real about it for it to be able to affect the lives of real humans. Whether or not education is simply learning how to live by gathering and experiencing simple pleasures, having sufficient food, and utilising fire depends on what and who is being asked, but surely anything that is learnt counts as a sort of education in its own way. Learning through experience means that on the plus side, you know what you have learnt is true, and you know what will work best in a certain set of circumstances, but when you arrive at something new and unfamiliar, trial and error (error being the key point) is the only way forward. Frankenstein in a way is all about education, particularly when it comes to the misuse of formal education, and mistakes made, but because not all of the plot details in the end come down to a matter of education, it therefore cannot be deemed to be the key theme of the novel.

Wireless network management

The 802.11 protocol is defined for a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) and is based on a cellular architecture in which the network is divided into cells where each cell (called a Basic Service Cell (BSS)) is controlled by a base station called an Access Point (AP).The basic access mechanism implemented in the protocol is a Carrier Sence Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). The CSMA protocol works as follows:Â   if a station wishes to transmit information through it network, it senses the medium. In case the medium is busy (another station in the network is currently transmitting information) then the station will delay its transmission requests to a later time. Otherwise, the medium is free and the station is allowed to transmit the desired information.The problem with the CSMA protocol is the case where a collision occurs. A collision may occur if two different stations sense the medium as free and begin to transmit information. For this purpose, we use a collision avoidance mechanism: a station willing to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is busy, it defers its request.Otherwise, it sends an RTS (Request To Transmit) which includes the source, destination and the duration of the transaction. If the medium is free then the destination station will respond with a packet called CTS (Clear To Send) which will include the same duration information and once the source station receives this packet, it starts to transmit. The destination station checks the CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and sends an acknowledgment package (ACK).Receiving the ACK informs the source station that no collision had occurred. If the source station does not receive the ACK it will keep resending the data or will throw it away after a given number of retransmissions.When a station wishes to join an existing BSS, it needs to receive synchronization information from the BSS’s AP. First, the station needs to go through the AP’s authentication process. Durin g this process, the station and the AP exchange information proving to each other that each side is familiar with a specific password.

The eNotes Blog Enotes Revives DeadPoets

Revives DeadPoets In the midst of teaching, my mind often wanders to the great inspiration of Mr. Keating in the film Dead Poets Society.   I first saw this film as an aspiring teacher and was so moved that I cried all the way home.   There was something about those students standing up on their desks in support of their inspirational teacher, defying expulsion, that moved me deeply, . . . and still does. Recently brought me back to that image or, more specifically, to the image of the students of The Dead Poets Society chanting a poem, getting back to the primal nature of rhythmic poetry in a cave near their college prep school.   How?   By what seemed to be a simple question asked by a student: What is your outlook on The Congo by Vachel Lindsay? I was interested in the question and intrigued even further by the first answer, so I decided to reread The Congo and was struck by the verses echo from the movie Dead Poets Society: THEN I had religion, THEN I had a vision. / I could not turn from their revel and derision.  / THEN I SAW THE CONGO CREEPING THROUGH THE BLACK, / CUTTING THROUGH THE JUNGLE WITH THE GOLDEN TRACK. They young men in The Dead Poets Society use this poem properly, I might add, using Lindsays own stage direction and do great justice to this rhythmical chant:   they are simply using spoken language to honor the poets of old, . . . poets of all races. Furthermore, my take on The Congo generally coincides with the rest of academia that chides Vachel Lindsay for being a well-meaning but misguided primitivist.  Ã‚  Ah, if there were just a way to put a  more positive spin on this statement!   I truly believe that Lindsay was doing the African-American race a great service, giving great honor to the absolutely superior rhythm of their music and, therefore, of their poetry. The reality is, however, that living in the turn of the century white world of the late 1800s tends to lend itself to decades of  erroneous assumption, . . . even if he DID discover a very young Langston Hughes at a restaurant.   It is incredibly important to note that Lindsay considered himself to be a staunch advocate for the African-American race!   One wonders why his stress on Their Basic Savagery in this particular poem didnt make him read between the lines just a bit.   A link to the poem is included below, so you can see for yourself. The irony here is, it isnt that the things in The Congo arent true, per se.   (Could this be the very first instance of political-correctness?!?)   It is simply the way it is presented that puts a focus more on the pre-industrialized continent of Africa (which, by the way, is not in itself a bad thing!) instead of the great advancements of the culture, especially in how it has influenced the culture of the Western world. Still, I wanted to explore this subject further, so I asked a friend of mine, Sarah McDowell:   a leading expert in present-day Tanzania.   Here was her take on the subject: Even though the language is pretty derogatory in today’s world, there does seem to be a strange feeling though that the poet actually does have some respect or at least sort of romanticizes  the savages.†   I like that it is so lyrical, but to use mumbo  jumbo and boom boom boom so much in a poem seems sort of  naive to me.   Ã‚  I have a hard time with anything that uses the term savage at all.   I am pretty wary of anything that creates such a strong divide between and Us and Them.   Hard to feel equal and respectful toward anyone that one sees them as Other.   I know that the poem has to be looked at though in its context, and I cut it more slack when I do that.   Very vivid in lyrical form. I was amazed further at Sarah’s take on the poem and how very similar it was to many literary critics because Sarah hadn’t been exposed to anything but the poem itself and, therefore, was not influenced by many critics’ persuasive language in the matter. To me this shows that, even from the standards of modern-day  Tanzania, this older literary criticism of â€Å"The Congo† and consequently of Vachel Lindsay continues to ring true. I may never watch that Dead Poets Society primal cave scene quite the same way again!

How to Tell a Male From a Female Shark

How to Tell a Male From a Female Shark Ever wondered how to tell the sex of a shark? Distinguishing the sex of a shark is easier than in most marine species. Its all in the sharks external anatomy. Male sharks have modified pelvic fins called claspers. Females do not have these claspers. As male sharks age, the calcium is deposited in the claspers, so that older males have harder claspers. In addition to the absence of claspers, females tend to be larger than males, although those differences may not always be obvious, especially in the wild. Where Claspers Are Located These claspers are located on the sharks underside, within the sharks two pelvic fins. They look kind of like long fingers that extend underneath the sharks belly.   Shark Reproduction in Brief The claspers are used for reproduction. Sharks breed via sexual reproduction with internal fertilization. This involves the sharks usually positioning themselves belly to belly, a process that can involve a lot of biting. The claspers have grooves which are used to transfer sperm from the male shark to the females cloaca.  The sperm is moved through the grooves using seawater. The sperm fertilizes the females eggs, and voila!- a shark embryo is created. From there, development and birth vary by species.   In some species, such as bamboo sharks, the female lays eggs outside of her body (oviparous). About 40% of the 400 shark species lay eggs. In ovoviviparous  sharks, such as whale sharks, basking sharks, and thresher sharks, the eggs develop inside the females body, but the young are born live. Placental viviparous sharks give birth in a way similar to mammals- the young shark is nourished inside the female by a yolk-sac placenta, before being born live. Bull sharks, lemon sharks, and hammerhead sharks are examples of species that employ this strategy.

Gods, Myths and Legends in Greek Mythology

Gods, Myths and Legends in Greek Mythology The basics of Greek mythology are the gods and goddesses and their mythical history. The stories found in Greek mythology are colorful, allegorical, and include moral lessons for those who want them and puzzles to mull over for those who dont. They include profound human truths and the basics of western culture. This Introduction to Greek Mythology provides some of these background features. The Greek Gods and Goddesses Greek mythology tells stories about gods and goddesses, other immortals, demigods, monsters or other mythical creatures, extraordinary heroes, and some ordinary people. Some of the gods and goddesses are called Olympians because they ruled the earth from their thrones on Mount Olympus. There were 12 Olympians in Greek mythology, although several had multiple names. In The Beginning... According to Greek mythology, in the beginning was Chaos, and nothing more. Chaos was not a god, so much as an elemental force, a force made of itself alone and not composed of anything else. It existed from the beginning of the universe. The idea of having the principle of Chaos at the beginning of the universe is similar to and perhaps a progenitor of the New Testament idea that in the beginning was The Word. Out of Chaos spun out other elemental forces or principles, like Love, Earth, and Sky, and in a later generation, the Titans. Titans in Greek Mythology The first few generations of named forces in Greek mythology grew progressively more like humans: The Titans were the children of Gaia (Ge Earth) and Uranus (Ouranos Sky)- the Earth and Sky, and based on Mount Othrys. The Olympian gods and goddesses were children born later to one specific pair of Titans, making the Olympian gods and goddesses grandchildren of Earth and Sky. The Titans and the Olympians inevitably came into conflict, called the Titanomachy. The ten year battle of the immortals was won by the Olympians, but the Titans did leave a mark on ancient history: the giant holding the world on his shoulders, Atlas, is a Titan. The Origins of the Greek Gods Earth (Gaia) and Sky (Ouranos/Uranus), who are considered elemental forces, produced numerous offspring: 100-armed monsters, one-eyed Cyclops, and the Titans. Earth was sad because the very unpaternal Sky wouldnt let their children see the light of day, so she did something about it. She forged a sickle with which her son Cronus unmanned his father. The love goddess Aphrodite sprang up from the foam from Skys severed genitals. From Skys blood dripping on Earth sprang the spirits of Vengeance (Erinyes) also known as the Furies (and sometimes known euphemistically as the Kindly Ones). The Greek god Hermes was the great-grandson of the Titans Sky (Uranos/Ouranos) and Earth (Gaia), who were also his great-great-grandparents and his great-great-great grandparents. In Greek Mythology, since the gods and goddesses were immortal, there was no limitation on child-bearing years and so a grandparent could also be a parent. Creation Myths There are conflicting stories about the beginnings of human life in Greek mythology. The 8th century BCE Greek poet Hesiod is credited with writing (or rather first writing down) the creation story called the Five Ages of Man. This tale describes how humans fell getting further and further away from an ideal state (like paradise) and closer and closer to the toil and trouble of the world we live in. Mankind was created and destroyed repeatedly in mythological time, perhaps in an effort to get things right- at least for the creator gods who were dissatisfied with their almost godlike, almost immortal human descendants, who had no reason to worship the gods. Some of the Greek city-states had their own local origin stories about creation that pertained just to the people of that location. The women of Athens, for instance, were said to be the descendants of Pandora. Flood, Fire, Prometheus, and Pandora Flood myths are universal. The Greeks had their own version of the great flood myth and the subsequent need to repopulate the Earth. The story of the Titans Deucalion and Pyrrha has several similarities to the one appearing in the Hebrew Old Testament of Noahs ark, including Deucalion being warned of the coming disaster and the construction of a great ship. In Greek mythology, it was the Titan Prometheus brought fire to mankind and as a result, enraged the king of the gods. Prometheus paid for his crime with torture designed for an immortal: an eternal and painful occupation. To punish mankind, Zeus sent the evils of the world in a pretty package and loosed on that world by Pandora. The Trojan War and Homer The Trojan War provides the background for much of both Greek and Roman literature. Most of what we know of those terrific battles between Greeks and Trojans have been attributed to the 8th century Greek poet Homer. Homer was the most important of the Greek poets, but we do not know exactly who he was, nor whether he wrote both the Iliad and the Odyssey or even either of them. Nevertheless, Homers Iliad and Odyssey play a fundamental role in the mythology of both ancient Greece and Rome. The Trojan War began when the Trojan prince Paris won a foot race and handed Aphrodite the prize, the Apple of Discord. With that action, he started the series of events that led to the destruction of his homeland Troy, which, in turn, led to the flight of Aeneas and the founding of Troy. On the Greek side, the Trojan War led to disruption in the House of Atreus. Horrible crimes were committed by the members of this family on each other, which included Agamemnon and Orestes. In the Greek dramatic festivals, the tragedies frequently centered on one or another member of this royal house. Heroes, Villains, and Family Tragedies Known as Ulysses in the Roman version of the Odyssey, Odysseus was the most famous hero of the Trojan War who survived to return home. The war took 10 years and his return trip another 10, but Odysseus made it back safely to a family that was, oddly, still waiting for him. His story makes up the second of the two works traditionally attributed to Homer, The Odyssey, which contains more fanciful encounters with mythological characters than the more war-story Iliad. Another famous house that couldnt keep from violating major societal laws was the Theban royal house of which Oedipus, Cadmus, and Europa were important members who featured prominently in tragedy and legend. Hercules (Heracles or Herakles) was immensely popular to the ancient Greeks and Romans and continues to be popular in the modern world. Herodotus found a Hercules figure in ancient Egypt. Hercules behavior was not always admirable, but Hercules paid the price without complaint, defeating impossible odds, time and again. Hercules also rid the world of horrible evils. All Hercules tastes were superhuman, as befits the half-mortal (demigod) son of the god Zeus. Sources and Further Reading Edmunds, Lowell (ed.). Approaches to Greek Myth, Second Edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.Graf, Fritz. Greek Mythology: An Introduction. Trans: Marier, Thomas. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.  Rose, H.J. A Handbook of Greek Mythology. London: Routledge, 1956.  Woodard, Roger. The Cambridge Companion to Greek Mythology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Domtar Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Domtar - Research Paper Example Their training would enhance them with skills in the way that they can make efficient strategic goals and how to implement the goals. The employees should be organized according to their levels or ranks in the company. The different groups should be trained differently (Bari, 2000). The learning objectives in Domtar Company would be to cut costs. The costs will be cut if the processes of the company are efficient. The other objective would be to maintain a positive customer relationship. The customers should be considered before the company makes any decision and their satisfaction should be the source of any decision made. The other objective of the training should be to make feasible decisions that will ensure the prosperity of the business. The organizational constraints that may be incurred in the learning process may include; finances. The learning process is an expensive process, hence the cost factor must be considered. The company may not be willing to invest a lot in employee training and that should be avoided. The other constraint may be the time constraint. In the course of the training, the operations of the company must also continue, that means that time available will be minimal. The learning should be organized in a way that the sessions will be accommodated in the normal working schedule of the company. The other constraint that may exist will be resistance from employees. The constraints can be addressed by the employees been told the importance of the training. The other way the constraints can be addressed would be by the company providing resources that are useful in the training.

Conduct a Search for Potential Research Sources Paper

Conduct a Search for Potential Sources - Research Paper Example Baby Boomers in the Middle: Analysis of Social Supports Among African-American Caregivers (Gadling, 2010), attempted to answer the critical question whether the caregiver burden is a predictor of social supports for African-American baby boomers. According to the researcher, many baby boomers are in the ‘middle’, which means that they are caught in between their young children and their aging parents because of the commitments and responsibilities that they have towards both these groups. Due to these care-giving obligations, they are not able to focus on their own needs. The research focused on the African American community to find out if the caregiver burden were high because of the low level of social support. The researcher conducted a thorough review of literature where the concepts of care giving care giving stress and the peculiar case of African American caregivers was highlighted. The research methodology was to conduct personal interviews to a group that had f our specific groups belonging to the age group of 45-55, the African Americans, non-Hispanic Whites, Latinos/Hispanics and Asian Americans. The theme of the research was around four key variables like social support, caregiver burden, quality of life and family obligation. Even though these variables provide an overall picture, it would have been better to include variables that specifically stand out for the African American community, rather than including it in the broad variable of quality of life. In addition, as the answers to the survey were collated through the process of interview. However, the questions were strictly close ended, just like in a survey. If some open ended questions were also included, it could have provided an added advantage of some qualitative results too (Creswell, 2007). The research concluded that family obligations, caregiver burden and quality of living as composite variables were not predictors of social support among African-American baby boomers. Social support had an intense effect on the caregiver; hence, social support can have a very high impact on the caregiver. Overall, the research was very elaborate and was carried under ethical considerations. In the research Baby Boomers' Needs and Preferences for Retirement Housing: A Phenomenological Qualitative Study, Elridge explores the options that Baby Boomers have in retirement housing and tries to understand their requirements. Through a qualitative approach, the researcher has a goal to understand the specific housing requirements of baby boomers with regards to the retirement housing configuration. The research also identifies an additional issue of a huge population approaching the retiring age and hence, adequate housing options are increasingly important. The researcher carried out the research through the Qualitative phenomenological Q-sort method, which is a study individualizing subjectivity as a part of the observation of a phenomenon. This is a very interesting m ethod of research because phenomenology as providing information based on lived experiences. Hence, this method would be able to add the element of subjectivity in the research. However, the researcher has conducted the research with only a very limited sample of 20 respondents. The assumption in the research is

Practical Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Practical Life - Essay Example Teaching polite responses: - children show respect and care to others by good manners they learn. By this tender age, the child should be saying, â€Å"excuse me†, â€Å"please† â€Å"thank you† frequent and this should be a reminder. For instance, if she received a gift in school, teach her to say, â€Å"thank you†. When a child needs something from you as a parent, e.g. a book, explain to her that that you would prefer buying her if she talks politely, â€Å"please mum, would you buy me a book?†, and you do not like if she demands or give orders. Avoiding overreacting: - if your child abuses you by calling you ‘butthead’, try to keep your emotions and react politely. Usually, children who want to annoy and provoke a reaction will tolerate any repulsiveness just to raise your anger. However, face them quietly but boldly and tell them, â€Å"In this family we do not call each other such names.† Thereafter, show them how to get what they need respectfully: â€Å"if you need my help, just ask politely, ‘mum! Please assist me, I have some homework and I cannot manage

General Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

General - Essay Example 2. How are trade discount amounts, chain discounts used in the entertainment industry? Within the entertainment industry, trade discount amounts are used by allotting cuts on the works of the business to business partners, who are facilitating each other on a number of tasks and activities (Haines 2007). These discounts make up the figures for meeting the expenses and bringing them down in a considerable manner. Similarly chain discounts are offered when the entertainment industry gives cuts on volume (bulk) work flows, and when the need is to have more work at a lesser cost. The trade discount amounts and chain discounts work to good effect within the entertainment industry because these embody the basis of success for the people who work under such regimes, and they get to be paid much better than these discounts were introduced in the first place. Works Cited Haines, Douglas C. Manufacturer and Retailer Power in Retailer Response to Trade Discounts. Academy of Marketing Studies Jo urnal, Vol. 11, 2007

Direct & e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct & e-Marketing - Essay Example Starting from the stage of development of a business plan to the actual operations of any venture, customers retain a pivotal importance in all activities. There are primarily three perspective of a business plan. One is from an entrepreneur's perspective, one is the venture capitalists or Financier's perspective and the third is customer's perspective. It means a business should only be viable if it provides a product or a service that can be of value to customer and can help in customer's utility maximization. When designing a product or deciding about what services the business will provide, customer segmentation is done to ensure that the right product is given to right customers at the right time. All these efforts are made to ensure that more and more customers will be attracted towards an organization's offering and a positive image can be built so that business can create good will in the market and enjoy increase in sales. However, no businessperson can turn his eyes from attracting new customers and increase its customer base but this is also true that old or existing customers also hold a special place when it comes to increase sales and revenue generation. Research shows that old and existing customers are much more effective to increase sale for an organization. A very serious misunderstanding businesspersons use to have these days is that they think if someone becomes their customer, he or she will stay with them, their organization and their product, forever, which happens not to be the case in most of the circumstances. Slowly and gradually, they lose their customer base day by day and keep on wondering why the customers are not coming back to them or why they are leaving. Many reasons have come up for this loss in customer base. Customer loses his or her loyalty when he feels that: Your offering is unfair or unjustified They have some problem or issue relevant to your product or service which remains unsolved or un attended They have a better offer from your competitor He simply feels that you have no care or attention towards your existing customers and he feels ignored. Customers repeat their purchases when they feel themselves loyal with your organization and associate themselves with your product. Still we see organizations spending most of their money in attracting new customers and clients instead of maintaining good relationship with their existing clients to pursue them for repeat purchase. "Before you spend your time and money going after new customers and clients you do not currently have a relationship with consider the following statistics: Repeat customers spend 33% more than new customers. Referrals among repeat customers are 107% greater than non-customers. It costs six times more to sell something to a prospect than to sell that same thing to a customer (Laura Lake, 2007)". Building relationship with existing customer is easy to do. The only thing organizations should keep in mind is to treat customers as a partner in their business and realize the true worth of their customers. Businesses should focus on attracting new customers but at the same time put every effort to please their existing clients. It is necessary because existing clients are the source of a positive word of mouth. A positive word of mouth is the fastest and least costly source of marketing. People tend to believe someone, who has experience your product or s

The Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Literacy - Essay Example These factors exalted me into the field of being a writer, with the prospects of further enriching my personality with the benefits of literacy. In my everyday life, the effectiveness and benefits of literacy are exhibited by how most of the human activities and actions revolve around literacy-based ideologies. This ranges from all spheres of human activity, including economic, social, spiritual, and even political welfares of the contemporary human life. Among these, the most conspicuous effect of literacy, especially in my daily life is the way in which literacy turns my economic ability as a person. As a writer, literacy, and writing form the basis for individual prosperity in terms of economic welfares. This is especially in light of the aspect that the higher the level of literacy, the higher the economic outcome. Furthermore, the connection is further enhanced by the fact that high literacy levels bring more opportunities as I can be a freelancer hence further self-improvement in terms of economic aspects. This higher economic prospect has always led to higher chances of enhancing the literacy level even further as I continually take more classes to enhance my knowledge, and this extends to continually improving the economic muscle. Therefore, this forms one of the most evident effects of literacy especially on me as a writer who relies on literature as a chief source of income. Moreover, as a writer, literacy extends the level of self-confidence through the provision of knowledge.

Direct & e-Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Direct & e-Marketing - Essay Example Starting from the stage of development of a business plan to the actual operations of any venture, customers retain a pivotal importance in all activities. There are primarily three perspective of a business plan. One is from an entrepreneur's perspective, one is the venture capitalists or Financier's perspective and the third is customer's perspective. It means a business should only be viable if it provides a product or a service that can be of value to customer and can help in customer's utility maximization. When designing a product or deciding about what services the business will provide, customer segmentation is done to ensure that the right product is given to right customers at the right time. All these efforts are made to ensure that more and more customers will be attracted towards an organization's offering and a positive image can be built so that business can create good will in the market and enjoy increase in sales. However, no businessperson can turn his eyes from attracting new customers and increase its customer base but this is also true that old or existing customers also hold a special place when it comes to increase sales and revenue generation. Research shows that old and existing customers are much more effective to increase sale for an organization. A very serious misunderstanding businesspersons use to have these days is that they think if someone becomes their customer, he or she will stay with them, their organization and their product, forever, which happens not to be the case in most of the circumstances. Slowly and gradually, they lose their customer base day by day and keep on wondering why the customers are not coming back to them or why they are leaving. Many reasons have come up for this loss in customer base. Customer loses his or her loyalty when he feels that: Your offering is unfair or unjustified They have some problem or issue relevant to your product or service which remains unsolved or un attended They have a better offer from your competitor He simply feels that you have no care or attention towards your existing customers and he feels ignored. Customers repeat their purchases when they feel themselves loyal with your organization and associate themselves with your product. Still we see organizations spending most of their money in attracting new customers and clients instead of maintaining good relationship with their existing clients to pursue them for repeat purchase. "Before you spend your time and money going after new customers and clients you do not currently have a relationship with consider the following statistics: Repeat customers spend 33% more than new customers. Referrals among repeat customers are 107% greater than non-customers. It costs six times more to sell something to a prospect than to sell that same thing to a customer (Laura Lake, 2007)". Building relationship with existing customer is easy to do. The only thing organizations should keep in mind is to treat customers as a partner in their business and realize the true worth of their customers. Businesses should focus on attracting new customers but at the same time put every effort to please their existing clients. It is necessary because existing clients are the source of a positive word of mouth. A positive word of mouth is the fastest and least costly source of marketing. People tend to believe someone, who has experience your product or s

A nobel economist's caution about government Essay

A nobel economist's caution about government - Essay Example For example, the U.S. Affordable Care Act has brought little change since its implementation in 2010, lowering the number of individuals without health insurance to 13 percent down from 16 percent. While there are some elements of truth that the American economy has exacerbated and that some policy interventions usually worsen off the economy, it is prudent to acknowledge that without a logical economic framework, the economy would simply shut. Economics provides the framework, which influences the performance of the economy for the betterment of the society. Economics as a science focuses on ensuring that the most is achieved out of limited and scarce resources as opposed to perfecting the society as Boudreaux and Zywicki postulate. Achieving the desired results out of an economic decision inclines on the dexterity with which policy makers or governments choosing which economic policy to implement for a given problem. As such, the dismal achievement realized in Obama Care and many other botched government intervention attempts are exhibitions of inaccurate policy choices rather than deficiency in economic thoughts. Nonetheless, the article is a food for thought that evokes de eper thinking and understanding of economic

Social identity and the inevitability of conflict groups

Social identity and the inevitability of conflict groups The topic of this essay is that the Social Identity Theory (SIT) suggests that prejudice and discrimination against out-group members and, as a result, conflict groups may be inevitable; that all that is needed to trigger in-group favouritism and out-group bias is an awareness that one belongs to a particular social group and that another group, of which one is not a member, exists. The SIT was conceived by Henri Tajfel and his student John Turner to amend and supplement Campbells Realistic Group Conflict Theory (Tajfel Turner, 1979). The aim of the SIT was to provide a base level understanding of peoples social identities apart from their individual identities, that is, how people identify with groups that they belong to, the assimilation of in-group ideals as their own, the positive bias toward those of the same in-group, and negative bias (prejudice) toward those who identify with out-groups. It also explained inter group behaviour and its social context and also social comparison. The SIT suggests that the more extremely a person is associated with an in-group, the more likely they are to treat members of out-groups as objects comprised of traits universal to members of their out-group, rather than individuals comprised of both group and unique traits. It points out that, especially in our culture, intergroup conflict and competition is commonplace and easy to trigger. There is also suggestion that in-group bias is a universal trait affecting all social groups. The momentum that helped forge this theory comes from Tajfels own personal history. Born in 1919 as a Polish Jew, Henri was called away from his studies in chemistry to fight with the French against the Nazis. A year later he was captured and survived by not allowing his captors to learn that he was a Jew (The Nazis most despised out-group). After the war, Henri returned home to find all his close relatives had been killed. After a time of helping the aftermath Henri studied psychology with a focus on social identity and group conflict such as he had seen during the war (Reicher). The personal life and times of Henri Tajfel shows some insight into social identity and conflict groups. Such as a young Henri heeding the call to fight the Germans with the French even though he was Polish, in the Second World War the Nazi war machine and its subsequent expansion resurfaced a rift between the Nazis and the rest of Europe that was present in the First World War, leading to two main conflict groups, the Nazis and the Allied Nations. As Tajfel was not a Nazi, He identified with the French (part of his in group) and fought along with them. At the time of his capture, Tajfel had to change a part of his social identity in order to survive. As Nazis were more likely to torture and kill Jews over other captive groups Tajfel had to make sure that his captors never learned that he was a Jew. To do this He had to identify as a non-Jew which to him was an out-group, this however required no alteration physical changes (Providing that he didnt have to expose himself to his capto rs) and psychologically, he was still himself. Tajfel succeeded and survived until the end of the war. This provides a good example of discrimination based on social grouping rather than individual attributes. To this many people would say that those were the war days and that violence and emotion ran high, so it was easy to see such discrimination and hostility as commonplace, but times have changed and we are no longer like that. And, to an extent, they are correct. Though even now in Europe, many still consider the Jews as a powerful, threatening group of social and national outsiders (Werner, 2008), and there is still anti-Semitic violence taking place in this older, wiser world. But still, time has moved on and Western atrocities such as the vast commonplace racism of the early to mid twentieth century has dissipated, though not completely. Much of this is due to changing media portrayals of minorities, with thanks to such trail blazers as Sidney Portier (first black actor to play a lead in a major motion picture), The Cosby Show (first non-stereotyped black sitcom), and even Star Trek (first interracial kiss on U.S. television). By allowing people to identify with minorities in the m edia without stereotyping, aggression toward minorities reduces (Muller, 2009). However lessened, racial discrepancies and violence still occurs in the western world today. It seems that all our attempts to abolish social discrimination and conflict in the past few decades has come a long way, and if you think of things such as the fall of the Berlin Wall, the end of the partite, and the advancement of gay rights, the yes we have. However, if you look at the rise of the Mugabe Regime, the US War on Terror and its subsequent effects on the Muslim population, and even the psudoracism toward the ginger (ging-er) population, then no we really havent. Also, most attempts to abolish group conflict have at best reduced conflict, not ended it out right so long as both groups remain in existence. It seems that intergroup conflict is unavoidable, as we put aside our old differences with one group, we just as quickly discover new differences with another group. Even here in New Zealand in-group bias and out-group prejudice is not only tolerated, it is applauded. Take this personal anecdote for example. In 2005 My best friend and I travelled to the city for my bachelor party. At this time the UK Lions rugby team was touring the country, playing against our All Blacks. Neither my friend nor I were rugby fans of any sort, but when we saw that an English pub was just down the street from where we were staying we decided to don any black clothing we had and go to the English pub to watch the game and give the Lions supporters a hard time. When we arrived we noticed that all the customers inside the pub were dressed in black to support the All Blacks, my friend and I looked around to see if there were any Lions supporters around and indeed we did find them. They had congregated outsi de in a caged off smokers area on the cold July night, watching a T.V. that was barely audible over the sound of traffic. When we asked them if they wouldnt prefer a table inside they responded that they were quite happy where they were. My friend and I returned to our table near the bar to watch the game. Though when a Lions supporter came in to get a refreshment, they were met by a call to go back where they belong or they were informed precisely how useless their team was. During half time, the smokers in the bar went to the smokers area occupied by the Lions fans and once again were insulted for their taste in rugby teams, among other things. The Lions lost the game and at full time the smokers returned to the smokers area to boats their mighty victory to the puny Lions Supporters. This example has a clear cut in-group and a quite literal out-group, the in-group, through force of numbers had dominance in the situation initially. But why, you may ask, did the in group members have to ridicule the out-group members at every available chance? The answer quite simply is self esteem, just as the school bully will put down the smart kids to make themselves feel better, social groups will often discriminate out-groups as a means of enhancing self esteem (Lemyre Smith, 1985). This is not the only example of socially acceptable, intergroup conflict in this country either. The ever continuing Holden versus Ford debate is ever popular and in this case the group conflict is media driven with multiple televised Holden versus Ford races occurring annually and a seemingly unending supply of supporter gear as well as derogatory supporter gear designed to insult and degrade your particular out-group. Some members of both groups can take extreme measures in this conflict, such as disallowing out-group vehicles to park on their property. Attribution has a role to play in social conflict as well. Say for instance a Holden crashes during the Bathurst 1000 race the Ford supporters will commonly believe the fault to be in the car or one of the many short comings of its driver (who obviously must not be bright to be driving a Holden in the first place). The Holden supporters, however, would more likely believe that some external cause (or perhaps a stupid Ford driver cut ting him off) was to blame. This is due to in-group bias causing people to make similar attributions to in group members as they do to themselves (De Cremer, 2000). So far all the examples have involves high levels of emotional attachment toward the in-group. So is it fair to say that in-group bias and out-group discrimination are a result of heightened emotional commitment toward the in-group? To answer this, many experiments have been conducted based on arbitrary groups designed solely for the purpose of the experiment and in most cases the participants are randomly assigned to groups so that there is no predetermined affiliation between group members. The group members are then given simple tasks and the experimenters are looking for signs for in-group bias and out-group discrimination. The results of studies like these has shown that such discrimination does indeed exist, even when the groups are arbitrary and the group assignment is random (Brewer Kramer, 1985) (Sachdev Bourhis, 1985) (Aviram, 2007). This shows that no emotional bond is requires at all for there to be discrimination between in-group and out-group members. All that is real ly required for there to be out-group prejudice is the knowledge that one is in a social group and that another group, an out-group, exists. Summary To summarize the discussion as it stands. The topic was to discuss the SIT and the notion that discrimination and prejudice toward out-groups and intergroup conflict is inevitable, also, that all that is needed for there to be such discrimination is the knowledge that both an in-group and an out-group exists. The personal history of Henri Tajfel and his life during the Second World War was discussed, pointing out the group conflicts and out-group prejudices present during that time. The discrimination of out-group members based on group affiliation rather than individual traits was pointed out. This historical account also gave some insight as to the motives behind the creation of the SIT. Then the role of media in the lessening of racial discrimination and conflict in recent decades was discussed, though it was pointed out that the amount of prejudice and conflict the media had affected had dissipated, it was never truly abolished. There was some discussion on the recent milestones toward intergroup peace globally and also the new found intergroup prejudice and conflict arising at the same time. The view of the discussion then moved to a New Zealand perspective starting with a personal anecdote of the national rugby obsession and the ethnocentric discrimination that arises from the organised conflict of the game itself. It was then discussed how the media and commercial marketing can also induce conflict and discrimination between groups with reference to the local Holden Versus Ford conflict. In this it was pointed out how in-group bias and out-group discrimination can influence the locus of attribution in the inference of others behaviour. Finally, experiments involving out-group discrimination in arbitrary groups of randomly assigned members was discussed, the results of which being in support with the notion that all that is required for there to be in-group bias and out-group discrimination is the knowledge that an in-group (to which one belongs) and an o ut-group (to which one does not belong) exists. The discussion as a whole utilised a combination of empirical research and real life examples to illustrate facts that validate the SIT and support the suggestions that it carries. The SIT provides a good base knowledge of social identity, social discrimination and conflict groups. However this does not make it the be all and end all of knowledge on this subject. With an ever evolving social climate and the development of new experimental techniques, the Sit is rather a solid foundation to which we can build a more profound understanding of the social world.

Normandy :: essays research papers

Introduction The Allied invasion of France on June 6, 1944 is variously known as D-Day, the Longest Day, Cross-Channel Attack, and probably some others as well. It was the largest single military operation of World War II. Hence, the Normandy beaches are a must stop if you get anywhere close to France. The 50th anniversary celebration in 1994 generated a lot of hype. The recent movie Saving Private Ryan rekindled that interest. However, the landing always held a special niche going back to the event itself. Much like Gettysburg, the Normandy attack has been studied in great detail -- hour by hour, person by person, shot by shot. We'll assume a flight landing in Paris and getting a rental car (a must) at the airport. Then you would drive over to Caen (about a 150 miles) and spend the night, which would put you at the east end of the beaches the next morning. This book by Bruce Bilven, Jr., is a historical documentation of D-Day, June 6, 1944. The book itself contains a lot of dates, n ames and places, which makes it a tough book to follow. Bruce Bilven Jr., himself took part in the massive D-Day invasion of Omaha Beach, as a second Lieutenant in the 29th Division Artillery. Drawing on his own experiances as a solider in World War II, he wrote two other Landmark Books about the war; From Casablanca to Berlin and From Pearl Harbor to Okinawa. Since the war he has written The American Revolution as well as many other books articles, and reviews. He lives with his wife and co-author, Naomi, and his college-age son in New York City. Summary Strategy D-Day began with the concept of the "Second Front." When Stalin's Russia was invaded in 1941, he immediately demanded that his new allies attack Hitler to take off the pressure. No matter his past complicity. Churchill and Roosevelt replied with the invasion of North Africa in November 1942 and Italy in 1943. Chief of staff George C. Marshall considered these sideshows draining away troops and time. The real war, argued Marshall, was to be a direct advance on Germany through France. Even as the "sideshows" proceeded, three other campaigns were under way -- the war against the German submarines, the US-British strategic bombing offensive against Germany, and the logistical buildup in Britain. The submarine conflict was a precondition for the bombing and the buildup.

College Dorms :: essays research papers

College Dorms Message: The inventor of dormitories...let's find him, make him pay for the travesties he's visited on America's youth, and force him to listen to Matchbox 20. Can't you see him designing these hellish stacks of humanity many years ago? From the sidewalk he raised his hands triumphantly and said, "It shall be like the projects with less violence and more marijuana!" He then took lumber and Elmer's Paste, as it is often called, to create these pet carrier sized rooms that we live in. You wanna know why people from the projects hardly ever go to college? It's because they don't want to leave their lush surroundings. The actual term dormitory is of course derived from the Latin term for sleep, which is appropriate because that is all you have space to do. You have to do it standing up in the bathroom sink but it can be done. The luckier students have space to scratch their assses but the windows have to be open and their roommates have to be gone for the weekend. When you go home the closets even feel like a gymnasium, and you can romp around in the bathroom like a horny antelope. I can't imagine the kids who brought everything they own to the dorm. I brought like a condom and a sock. Next semester I hope to have a towel and the other sock. I also need a new condom. Forget having space to sleep. Who sleeps anyway? Nobody on my campus. I think it's a rule. This one kid tried but no one knows what happened to him. Let's just say his floor mates never saw him awake again. I feel like I'm a member of the national insomnia coalition. 0ur agenda involves a lot of Frappaccino and staring at the test pat tern on TV. It's like this strange pseudo-vampire lifestyle. Did you know that if you stay up late enough they play the Tonight Show over again and it still isn't funny? No sleep really fucks with your eating habits too. Every night at 2 in the morning you get as hungry as a Bosnian and you have to go to the vending machine to watch the one bagel spin in the carousel of salmonella. People have White Zombie playing until 5 AM, which to me really encompasses my mood at 5 AM. I could be listening to Kenny G and it would seem hardcore at 5 in the morning.

Factors Affecting Academic Interest Essay

A NOAA (AOML) in situ pCO2 sensor (SAMI-CO2), attached to a Coral Reef Early Warning System station in Discovery Bay, Jamaica, utilized in conducting ocean acidification studies near coral reef areas Australia Main article: Environmental threats to the Great Barrier Reef The Great Barrier Reef is the world’s largest coral reef system.[46][47][48][49] The reef is located in the Coral Sea. A large part of the reef is protected by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Particular environmental pressures include runoff, salinity fluctuations, climate change, cyclic crown-of-thorns outbreaks, overfishing, and spills or improper ballast discharge. Southeast Asia See also: Southeast Asia coral reefs Southeast Asian coral reefs are at risk from damaging fishing practices (such as cyanide and blast fishing), overfishing, sedimentation, pollution and bleaching. Activities including education, regulation and the establishment of marine protected areas help protect these reefs. Indonesia Indonesia is home to one third of the world’s corals covering nearly 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi) and one quarter of its fish species. Indonesia’s coral reefs are located in the heart of the Coral Triangle and have fallen victim to destructive fishing, tourism and bleaching. Data from 414 reef monitoring stations in 2000 found that only 6% are in excellent condition, while 24% are in good condition, and approximately 70% are in poor to fair condition.[50] Philippines In 2007, Reef Check, the world’s largest reef conservation organization, stated that only 5% of Philippines 27,000 square kilometres (10,000 sq mi) of coral reef are in â€Å"excellent condition†: Tubbataha Reef, Marine Park in Palawan, Apo Island in Negros Oriental, Apo Reef in Puerto Galera, Mindoro, andVerde Island Passage off Batangas. Philippine coral reefs is Asia’s second largest.[51] Taiwan Coral reefs in Taiwan are being threatened by human population growth. Many corals are affected by untreated sewage and souvenir-hunting tourists, not knowing that this practice destroys habitat and causes disease. Many corals have turned black from disease off Taiwan’s southeast coast.[52]——————————————- Indonesia Indonesia has 2,915,000 square kilometers of marine area. The reef area is 51,020 square kilometers. Of that amount, 82% of it is at risk. Indonesia holds 17% of the world’s total coral reef areas. Blast fishing, which has been illegal since 1985 still goes on today, along with cyanide fishing (1995). Another factor that is hurting the coral reefs in Indonesia is the amount of coral that they export. They are the world’s largest exporter of corals, exporting about 500 tons of coral per year.[16] COREMAP is helping Indonesia with their destruction of corals by working in 9 of the 32 provinces. They want to: 1. Heighten law enforcement to protect coral reefs; 2. Establish coral reef monitoring and information systems, in order to conduct research on the status of coral reefs and more effectively disseminate that information to stakeholder groups; 3. Develop community-based management systems and increase public participation in coral reef resource management; 4. Increase institutional capacity and strengthen inter-institutional coordination in planning and implementing policy that affects coral reef management, and; 5. Enhance public knowledge of the importance of coral reef and motivate people to actively participate in the management and sustainable use of coral reefs. Philippines The Philippines, with more than 7,000 islands and warm ocean waters, surround about 26,000 square kilometers of coral reef. [3] These coral reefs have recently brought the attention of beneficial economic uses to the Philippines government.[4] Benefits of Coral Reefs in Philippines 1. Coral reefs break the waves from the chance of eroding the coastline of the islands; [5] 2. Protection of Communities: â€Å"the reefs act as buffer zones† meaning they decrease the power of typhoons and hurricanes as they approach the Philippine Islands; [6] 3. Economic Benefits: Fishing off the coral reefs, profits from tourism, for example, Diving tours and snorkeling areas on the shallow reefs. These economic benefits create many new jobs and profitable opportunities to the country. State For the past 50 years, the proportion of degraded reefs in Indonesia increased from 10 to 50%. From 1989 to 2000 reefs with over 50% live coral cover declined from 36 to 29%. Western Indonesia, which is more developed and holds the majority of the nation’s population, faces the greatest threats to its coral reefs. Surveys concluded that reef condition improves from west to east. The percentage of reefs in good or excellent condition (live coral cover of 50% or more) is 23% in western Indonesia versus 45% in eastern Indonesia. 65% of surveys taken from the Maluku islands had evidence of bomb damage. In addition, reefs affected by land-based pollution (i.e. sediment discharge into reefs by deforestation, industry, sewage, and fertilizer) show 30-50% less diversity at depths of three meters and 40-60% less diversity at 10 meters in comparison to pristine reefs. The 1997-1998 el Nino event triggered widespread bleaching in Indonesia, with western and west-central Indonesia most af fected. Bleaching was recorded in East Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Lombok. In the Seribu Islands northwest of Jakarta, 90-95% of coral reef from the reef flat down to 25 meters died. Two years later, the Seribu Islands significantly recovered, with live coral cover of 20-30% (2000). Coral reefs in Indonesia are located near Java (Batavia), Nusa Dua, Jakarta and Saribu. [8] 30% of the Philippine’s coral reefs are dead while 39% are dying. The news isn’t all bad: Establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve has resulted in a marked comeback of fish in adjacent areas. Along with the establishment of the Sumilon Island marine reserve, there is hope for the Philippines via boosts in ecotourism. In recent years, local Filipino governments have discovered that fishing is not the only economic benefit the reefs can provide. They are confident that with a spread of ecotourism, even local fishermen will reap the financial benefits of this economic sector. A surge in coral reef conservation education is helping the tourism sector provide information to tourists on how to preserve the coral reefs while they enjoy the beauty and serenity of the reefs.[17]The Philippines ecotourism sector is unfortunately stifled at this time due to a limited budget and there are approximately 7,000 islands to patrol for destructive fishing techniques.[8] [9]. Destructive fishing techniques are thought to be the largest contributor to reef degradation in the Philippines. The first ever mass-bleaching event in the Philippines was reported in 1998-99. It began at Batangas, off Luzon, in June 1998 and then proceeded nearly clockwise around the Philippines, correlating with anomalous sea-surface temperatures. Most reefs of northern Luzon, west Palawan, the Visayas, and parts of Mindanao were affected. Subsequent mortalities were highly variable, with decreases in live coral cover ranging from 0.7 to 46 percent and up to 80 percent in Bolinao. Recent surveys in 1997 found a low percentage of reefs to be in excellent condition. They found only 4 percent of Philippine reefs in excellent condition (i.e., over 75 percent hard or soft coral cover), 28 percent in good condition (50-75 percent coral cover), 42 percent in fair condition (25-50 percent coral cover), and 27 percent in poor condition (less than 25 percent coral cover). The Visayas have experienced the most significant decline in coral cover, exhibiting an average of only 11 percent hard coral cover. [10] A study in the early 90’s revealed that coral reefs are damaged by a variety of human activities such as household sewage, industrial waste, and agricultural chemicals from land that are washed to the sea. [11] This was a new finding for the time period in which it was widely believed that the main damage to coral reefs was causes by oil spills or from pollution dumped by ships. This survey was concentrated on SE Asia mainly because it was believed that coral reefs in this region were at great threat of extinction if continued to be unmanaged. In the last thirty years climate change has had the most harmful effect on corals. (Hughes) Currently one of the major issues the Indonesian government is dealing with is climate change. (CIA Worldfactbook) When the ocean warms such as in El Nino, coral bleaching occurs, which kills the coral. (Hughes) The reefs are incredibly important to the economy and people of Southeast Asia. The reefs bring in $1.6 billion a year through fishing, employment, and the tourist industry. (Reefs at Risk in Southeast Asia Key Findings 2002) Today, the coral reefs located in the Philippines and Indonesia are in great danger. Fishermen are constantly practising dangerous methods such as blast fishing and dynamite fishing. These practices prove to be detrimental to the coral reefs as well as the marine life in the surrounding areas. Because of the dangerous methods, fish that are usually near the coral reefs are no longer there any more. Two of these fish are Groupers and snappers. According to David Nockels it was only seven years ago that 30% of the reefs were dead in this region and many more were dying Marine protected areas Amongst the many proposed solutions to the problems plaguing coral reefs in Southeast Asia is the creation of marine protected areas (MPAs). Currently marine protected areas make up around 8% of the area of Southeast Asian coral reefs.[26] The World Commission on Protected Areas [12], amongst other groups, has been active in establishing MPAs in Southeast Asia. However, the success rate of MPAs in Southeast Asia is low, with an estimated 14% of MPAs rated effectively managed.[30] [13] This rate reflects the difficulty of implementing MPAs. Moreover, it shows that much work is still needed to make MPAs successful in Southeast Asia. IUCN has defined an MPA as â€Å"any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environment†.[31] In other words, an MPA is a marine area in which the water column and all the life that exists in it are protected through laws. These laws restrict certain practices within the MPA, which can differ per MPA. Marine protected areas, in sum, provide a marine sanctuary which can foster an increase in marine biodiversity.[32] (See also: [14]). This increased biodiversity is though to be able to carry over to the non-protected surrounding areas in which fishing can take place. This is important for a number of reasons. In the Southeast Asian context, especially amongst the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia, the sea and people are very much interconnected. As mentioned, the sea provides both a source of income and source of food for the people. In the Philippines, for example, 67% of protein food consumption comes from fish and fish products. Additionally, roughly one million people in the Philippines are employed in the fishing industry.[33] Increased fish stocks resulting from marine protected areas only add to the solutions needed to revitalize Southeast Asian economies, life systems, and coral reefs. In addition, the LMMA (Locally-Managed Marine Area) Network is another organization that takes part in the Southeast Asia marine conservation. Similar to the MPA, the LMMA also provides protection areas in the sea. However, according to the definition above, an LMMA is an example of an MPA because an MPA includes a large space within and close by the area. The LMMA involves members from around the world, and the communities within the managed areas. The goal of LMMA is to allow members and local communities to learn the uses of protected resources.[15] Due to the massive destruction of coral reefs in Southeast Asia, the LMMA has established two areas in Eastern Indonesia: Padaido Islands, Biak, West Papua, and Southern Ambon Island and the Moluccas Islands; and various areas in the Philippines. With the help of the LMMAs, the local communities would learn to preserve their marine goods, and be able to maintain for longer years. Gradually, the communities will accommodate bigger and healthier fish. [16] There are an estimated 400 MPAs in the Philippines. Of the 400 only 16% have yielded an increase in bio-diversity. The high failure rate is due to poor management and a lack of regulation.[34]Despite the numerous failures there have been successes. One of the best known areas is Apo island where a small community has effectively managed an MPA since the mid 1980s. The Apo MPA includes a ban on detrimental fishing practices and a no-take zone covering 10% of their reef. Apo’s reef has thrived giving hope to Philippine reefs.[35] Contributions for management The state of the coral reefs in the Philippines and Indonesia are depleting with every blink of an eye. It is to no one’s surprise that the Philippines have lost more than 80% since the 1920s. In Indonesia it is a little better due to the some drastic actions made by the government. On December 6, 2002 the Asian Development Bank (ADB) approved a US$33 million loan in order to save what is the rest of these important organisms. Over fishing, illegal fishing methods, and overpopulation have all contributed to the decline of the coral reefs both in the Philippines and Indonesia. Along with the loan the Coral Reef Rehabilitation and Management Project (Phase II), the second part of a three phase plan has given us all hope in restoring coral reefs in this part of the region. The Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries will oversee the whole entire project with a due date of June 30, 2009. If it all goes according to plan the fishing industry will be the benefited the most. However, government action is not always necessary to manage reefs. When the community dependent on the resources provided by coral works together to save and restore the fish population, the results can be very good. The community managed reefs of Apo Island, located in the southern Philippines, known worldwide for its success. The waters around Apo Island are home to about 650 species of fish and 400 species of corals. The waters of Apo Island were not always this full of life. Fishing is the major occupation on the island, and even those who do not fish, rely on the catch for their protein. So when a fisherman’s catch began shortening, after years of unregulated fishing, it was very easy for them to resort to destructive methods of fishing,such as blast fishing and cyanide fishing, to get by. These methods almost led to the end of the already dwindling fish stocks. The community began, through education and widespread involvement, the process of making these practices socially unacceptable.[36] People began patrolling the waters in a small area with the intention of allowing fish to flourish and repopulate and then spill over into areas that had been fished out. This informal establishment of a sanctuary was first met with a lot of resistance, eventually though, after seeing the obvious improvements, the island community and local council were able to formalize the sanctuary in 1985, three years after it started. This formalization extended the sanctuary to water surrounding the island up to 500 meters from the shore and declaring a portion a no-take fish sanctuary.[37] To manage the coral reefs effectively to preserve what is left of the beautiful natural resource, individual people must unite. If the marine ornamentals trade is to successfully turn around and begin to sustain more live fish, certain people must perform their jobs to the fullest. Firstly, there if lobbyists are responsible about the issue, they will provide healthy animals, maintain healthy reefs, sustain reef animal populations, and adequately compensate fishing communities for their efforts. Also, responsible industry operators must minimize animal mortality and habitat impacts and focus on animal health and quality collection practices. The problem with this method, though, is that merely trust and word of mouth aren’t enough. If we are to legitimately depleting the coral reefs in Southeast Asia, we must set international standards.

Education and School Uniform Essay

Pupils all around the world have worn school uniform for many years. Many schools in Japan, France, USA and Israel, oblige pupils to come to school with a uniform. Wearing school uniform has advantages and disadvantages which I will present in my composition. On the one hand, the school uniform is very important. It is imporatant because it shows that a student belongs to a certain school. When a student wears a shirt with the school’s symbol, everyone knows where the student studies, a thing which may help to create a feeling of belonging and school pride. Moreover, the school uniform saves money. Students sometimes judge other students by their outward look. Therefore, many students spend much money on clothes in order to be more popular. When everyone wears the same uniform, the students don’t need to spend much money to buy expensive brand names. In addition, school uniform saves time in the mornings because you don’t have to think much about what to wear. In addition, schools claim that school uniform is important for good education because pupils need to obey a certain dress code, a thing that helps the students be prepared for the army and any other framework. On the other hand, some pupils claim that wearing a school uniform hurts their individuality and self-expression. They claim it deprives them of the right to wear whatever they want. After all, they are still children and at this age there should be more room for self expression. As far as saving money, some pupils claim that the school uniform doesn’t save money because they need to buy additional clothes to what they already have. Therefore, they think it is not necessary and should be cancelled. To conclude, in the light of the above, school uniform has advantages and disadvantages. I strongly believe that the school uniform is necessary and has benefits. However, I think that each school should design its school uniform from time to time and let pupils and teachers decide on it.

Tobacco 16th Century

Tobacco in the sixteenth century What is tobacco? The definition of tobacco is leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion. For the English settlers in Chesapeake tobacco was there way of surviving. During the sixteenth century a man planted tobacco in Virginia for the first time and found it took well to the climate. Once the tobacco started growing it needed much attention and great care by hand. Workers were needed around the clock to tend to the crops. The settlers realized that tobacco could be there way to riches.The growing of tobacco not only helped the English settlers but also the English monarchy, ships men, and merchants. In 1612 John Rolfe planted seeds of tobacco plants that had been found originally in the West Indies and Venezuela. The plants grew very well and he started to experiment with methods of curing the leaf further enhancing its flavor. Rolfe sent his first shipment of tobacco to London in 1614. After this it became clear to settl ers that they could make a fortune in Virginia by growing tobacco. In 1617 the colonists made their first commercial shipment to England.When the shipments first arrived they product was hardly known but Sir Walter Releigh Helped to make tobacco smoking popular among the English. At first tobacco was sold at a very high price were only the wealthy could partake, but once the English colonist began to grow and ship an abundance of tobacco the price became much lower and tobacco was an indulgence for many. The shipping of tobacco to England saved the Jamestown settlement. Before growing tobacco they couldn’t even grow enough corn to feed themselves.Once the colonist started growing tobacco it became very clear to them that it could be the road to a fortune. The revenue coming in from exporting tobacco kept Chesapeake alive and growing. The king saw all the wealth being made and so he put a tax on importing tobacco giving him a major financial interest. In the end the exporting of tobacco provided a livelihood for many, a fortune for a few, and valuable revenue for ships men, merchants, and the English monarchy. In order to make all the tobacco they shipped to England to gain their wealth the tobacco plantations needed workers.A hired man working on tobacco plantations could make two or three times more in Virginia than in England. Most of the workers on the plantation were indentured servants. These people have their trip to Virginia paid for by someone else then pay the person back by working in the tobacco fields for four to five years. The indentured servants were mostly young, male, and had no skills in the job force. They were thrown on a field and told what to do. Growing tobacco is a very time consuming job. First the fields had to be cleared by hand.Like the Indians the colonist â€Å"clered† fields by cutting a ring of bark from each tree, this was called girdling, killing the tree. Then colonist would use heavy hoes to till the fields. Ho les were then made with sticks and the tobacco seed was placed in each hole. Once the plants matured they were cut down and thrown in a pile to wilt. After the leaves dried a little in the piles they were striped from the stock of the plant and suspended from poles in drying barns or just out in the fields. Last after the leaves were dry, they were seasoned, packed up in casks, and shipped off.During all of this work the men, women, boys, and girls from the age seven and up would smoke tobacco in order to pass the time. As farming went on the owners of the fields’ realized that the indentured servants were hard to control and would soon be free of their contract to them. They first found ways to add time to their contract but found it hard and people were living through their time served. So Between 1670 and 1700 the Chesapeake tobacco plantations discovered slavery and slowly made the transition from servant to slave fixing the problem for the moment.Just when the colonists of Chesapeake thought they would be starving and have no money for the rest of their being John Rolfe showed up and planted tobacco seeds. The seeds grow well and the colonist learned how to make money from all the hard work they were putting forth. They also found cheap ways of getting workers. Pay for an indentured servant and have them work for up to 7 or 10 years or have slave that don’t ever leave the plantation. The tobacco business thrived for everyone entangled in it.Over thirty-million pounds of tobacco was exported from Virginia to England helping make Chesapeake thrive as a colony. Bibliography The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1700 /  Edition 1by  Warren M. Billings The American Promise, A compact history, fourth edition, volume 1: to 1877, by: Roark, Johnson, Cohen, stage, Lawson, and Hartmann WWW. fcps. edu/GunstonES/gunstones/speciaLprojects/Jamestown1612. htm Gale Encyclopedia of Biography :John Rolfe