Radio One Case Essay

This case involves whether Radio One should purchase the 21 radio stations from Clear Channel, Davis and IBL LLC and the impact of the acquisition to the investors and on the market. Examining the stations it fits with Radio One’s Corporate Strategy and they have the ability to bid first on a group of stations that would double Radio One’s size. Also this purchase would create national coverage for Radio One. First we must look at the Return on Asset of Radio One. With a Risk Free rate of 6.3% given from Exhibit 10; I am using 30 years because that is the highest and most logical for this particular industry. I calculated the Risk premium from the average of both the AAA and AA Corporate bonds on Exhibit 10; the result was 7.2%. Finally the Asset Beta given in Exhibit 8 of .82 .Thus the Return on the Asset is roughly 12.2% Calculating the NPV of the stations helps Radio One see if taking on this acquisition is worth the value. Using Exhibit 9 for the project forecasting and continuing on for the said 30 years you get 1,178,171 with the NPV set at 12.2% and each year growing at 6%. The reasoning for 6% is because from optimizing between 4-8%; 6% was in the middle. What is the market value of Radio One? To find this I took the price per share $97 and multiplied it by the number of shares 16,137,000 getting a market value of $1.5 billion. Now to investigate the WACC of Radio One. Rd = Interest paid of $15.3m over Market Price = $82.6 million = 18.53% Re = CAPM = 6.28 + Beta of .82*7.7 (Using the BBB Corp Bond Rate) =12.44. I propose that Radio One should offer the said price of 1.3 billion for the 21 stations. They should use the payment of the debt of $82 million with the use of current investments available for sale, then use the remainder in the deal for. This would cover the cash portion making the bid attractive because of the balancing of the debt before taking on the acquisition. The remainder of the funds will come from the shares together to create the total of 1.3 billion. Being the first to bet and with this attractive offer Radio One should have the strongest position in the deal and come out with  an acquisition that doubles their size and giving them a competitive position in nation wide coverage.

My Experience in Islam Worship Essay

My first visit to Islam worship as I recall happened three years ago through a Muslim friend who invited me to observe their worship. Prior to my first visit, I often hear through a loud speaker something like an utterance but also seem like a song coming from a Mosque not so far from where I live. Of course, every religion has their own way of expressing their faith but I should say Islam is quite unique in a sense that worshippers demonstrate deep sense of respect and devotion to Allah. Islam was born in the City of Mecca around 570 A. D. through the prophet Mohammad. Esposito (2002) noted that in the sixth century, â€Å"Mecca was emerging as a new commercial center with vast new wealth but also with a growing division between rich and poor, challenging the traditional system of Arab tribal values and social security†(p. 7). According to Esposito, it was this time and social condition in which prophet Mohammad preached the message of Quran â€Å"which formed the basis for the religion we know as Islam calling all to return to the worship of the true God and a socially just society† (Esposito 2002, p.  7). Like Christianity, Islam religion has a fundamental claim of its origin from the Bible. Muslims also believe that God sent revelations first to Moses, then to Jesus. Esposito aptly stated that Muhammad is not considered the founder of the new religion of Islam but like the biblical prophets who came before him, he was a religious reformer (p. 7). Mohammad himself according to Esposito claim that he did not bring a new message from a new God but called people back to the one true God and to a new of life they had forgotten or deviated from. Islam’s claim for biblical origins can be traced from Quran’s abundant references to stories in the Old and New Testaments which included Adam and Eve, Abraham and Moses, David and Solomon, Jesus and Mary. Esposito pointed out that Islam and worship of Allah—the Arabic word for God was a return in the midst of a polytheistic society to the forgotten past, to the Abraham’s monotheist faith. During my first attendance to Islam worship, one thing that I noticed was that they bowed down with their face almost if not touching the ground. As far as I am concern, there is no religious organization doing the same, not even the Jews who had probably the most profound concept of worship. Though I am quite aware of this manner of worship, I was really intrigued how they had developed such way of expressing their faith and humiliation before God. I found that for Islam, the meaning of worship is more than just rendering sincere service, or showing reverence for Allah. Abdul-Rahman (2003) emphasized that worship â€Å"implies total submission and complete obedience to Allah’s commandments both in utterances and public actions, whether explicit or implicit and in private or public† (p.  331). As I observed the way Muslims conduct themselves in public worship, their manner proves they indeed a deep devotion and submission to Allah. According to the teachings of Quran, bowing down of heads during worship and during prayer is part of the distinction of the followers of Mohammad who is the messenger of Allah. The Quran teaches, Muhammad is the messenger of Allah. And those who are with him are severe against disbeliever, and merciful among themselves. You see them bowing and falling down prostrate, seeking bounty from Allah and his good pleasure. The mark of them is on their faces from the traces of prostration. This is their description in the Tawraat (Torah) [al-Ahzaab 33:40] (As cited by Abdul-Rahman, p. 177). On my visit at a Sunni Muslim Mosque, I noticed that contrary to other non-Sunni Muslims, the manner of prayer and worship of the Sunni Muslims are a little bit different as they would stand, kneel, or prostrate when worshipping or praying. However, what was intriguing in their manner of worship was that when they prostrate themselves in prayer and worship, they face in the direction of Mecca. Although the concept of this practice was not new as during Israel’s Babylonian captivity in 570 BC, Prophet Daniel was thrown into the lions den for praying three times a day â€Å"facing Jerusalem† (Daniel 6: 11). For Muslims both Sunni and non Sunni, praying facing Mecca is one way of showing devotion to Islam because Mecca is Muslims holy city. O’Brien (2007) noted that Muslims pray five times a day while facing Mecca (p. 135). Even in Muslims five pillars of faith, pilgrimage to Mecca is considered as one of the five pillars that a devout Muslim should experience. While this tradition may be viewed by non Muslims as naive yet apparently, it reflects their devotion and loyalty to their religion. It shows that Muslims are faithful to their beliefs and tradition and to the founder of Islamic religion and Mecca serves as the symbol of their spiritual unity. When somebody visits a mosque for the first time, what he would likely to see are people chatting quietly or napping on the carpets and are praying and reading the Quran. But what could be more surprising perhaps is the main prayer or worship area, which is just a large open space with no pews or benches. Most of us are used to see pews and benches and expensive as well as sophisticated church facilities such as organ, drum set, piano and all church equipments adorning the main worship hall once we are inside the church either Christian or Roman Catholic Church. In Islam, although mosque is the sacred space for individual and congregational worship and it serves as places for prayer, meditation and learning yet unlike most Christian churches, the space is devoid of any equipment as Muslims simply bow down or kneel when they come to pray or worship. The interior of the mosque is simple and austere. There is no altar and no sanctuary, and there is even no clergy to deliver sermons nor are there any seats. Visitors to Sunni mosque can observe worshippers may stand, bow, kneel, or prostrate themselves, but they do not sit in the House of God. The rational behind all this, according to Bernard Lewis and Buntzie Ellis Churchill (2008) is that â€Å"the act of worship includes prostrations, to the point where the worshipper’s forehead touches the ground† (p. 40). Lewis & Churchill (2008) described their observation of the Muslim prayer and worship in mosque as follows: To participate in the ritual prayers, Muslims must be ritually pure. This is accomplished by means of ablutions, the manner and sequence of which are specifically regulated. To preserve the purity of the floor on which the worshipper prostrates himself, it is forbidden to enter the mosque wearing shoes or boots. These must be left at the entrance, and the worshipper—or, fro the matter, visitor—must enter barefoot or with special slippers provided at the entrance. The need to for purity precludes the participation or even the presence, during the prayers, of non-Muslims (p. 41). Aside from empty space, first time visitor to Mosque could also observed that there were no liturgies, but all prayers and recitations of verses from Quran. However, conversing with any mature Muslim, one could learn that Muslims perform worship five times daily. Speaking of worship, Browen (993) observed, â€Å"The rituals begin with ablutions, after which the worshipper, either alone or in congregation, performs two, three, or four rak’a or worship cycles in the direction of Mecca. Each the worshipper executes a fix sequence of movements (Standing, Prostrating, kneeling, sitting), each accompanied by a fix Arabic recitation† (p. 291). The recitations according to Browen include praises of God, affirmations of his oneness, a general request for divine guidance, and, at the beginning of each cycle, two or more verses from Quran. I could affirm this observation because during my own visit to Sunni Muslim worship, I personally witness how they demonstrate their devotion to Allah. In comparison to worship perform in most Christian churches; I could say that Muslim worship is deeply grounded on loyalty, devotion and reverence to God. In Christian churches, we could not deny that most of us are looking for comfort and even for entertainment once inside the church. We cannot bear long hours of worship service particularly on listening to the preaching of the word of God. Most of us we enjoy the singing of joyful Christian music but felt board during most of the service hours. In Muslim worship, one can observe that everyone sincerely performs worship to Allah. Browen pointed out, â€Å"Worshippers may also add petitionary prayers to the recitations. Worship should be performed five times daily: at first light, noon, mid-afternoon, sunset, and night† (p. 291). The Friday noon worship consists of a sermon and two worship cycles, and should be performed in congregation. It also has a prayer leader and a sermon giver. But one of the most notable things for the first timer in mosque worship is that one will find that worshippers are either all men or all women. This is perhaps common in all mosque worship. The reasons for this were quite obvious. Not much about their customs but about the physical nature of the prayer in which worshippers stand shoulder to shoulder, foot to foot, and which require the position of prostration. Haddad, Smith & Moore (2006) noted the arguments on the separation of men and women during worship in Mosque. Citing statements from Muslim women, Haddad, Smith & Moore wrote, â€Å"Very few Muslim women say that they want to worship side by side with men† (p. 63). â€Å"I don’t want men to look at me like that and be distracted from their attention to God, nor do I wish to look directly at the rear parts of men during prayers† goes the arguments. In some sense, this separation of sexes is a little different from other religions that also practiced separation of sexes during worship. Most religions practicing the separation of sexes are concern merely about the setting arrangements and not entirely excluding women in the same area, whereas worship in mosque gives preference on men at the main worship area, thereby promoting men’s supremacy over women. Haddad, Smith, and Moore stated, â€Å"When space is severely limited, women may find themselves worshipping in less desirable areas such as hallways or basements† (p.  64). My visit in Sunni Muslim worship, although there might only be very slight if none at all, differences between Sunni and non-Sunni Muslims, greatly impressed me because I realized how zealous are the Muslims in their faith in God. I realized that their motives of worshipping God are plain and simple but the manner they worship demonstrates how deep their devotion to Allah is. Their effort to focus their attention to God is admirable as they cannot be perhaps equaled by today’s worship both by Catholics or Christian worship. Many will find Muslim women’s clothing for example as weird and burdensome, but most Muslim women prefer wearing their hijab in order to avoid seducing men by their physical form. For most Muslim women, styles of clothing made exactly what they are expected to be â€Å"a model for her gender and her faith. To sum up my observation, the worship I had seen was full of unfamiliar religious observance yet they all reflect profound expression of faith in God which is diminishing in many Christian worship today. Abdul-Rahman, M. (2003) Islam U. K. MSA Publicatin Bowen, R. J. (1993) Muslims Through Discourse USA: Princeton University Press Haddad, Y. , Smith, J. I. & Moore, K. M. (2006) Muslim Women in America USA: Oxford University Press Esposito, J. L. (2002) What Everyone Needs to Know about Islam New York: Oxford University Press Lewis, B. & Churchill, B. E. (2008) Islam USA: Wharton School Publishing O’Brien, M. E. (2007) Spirituality in Nursing USA: Jones & Barlett Publishers

Structure of organization of a clinic Assignment

Structure of organization of a clinic - Assignment Example When laying off employees, treat them with respect, not like they are criminals. Be objective and  prepare  exit  benefits for them guided by the time they have worked for the organization, the titles they  hold  and their outstanding contribution to the organization. Making decisions on lay off and determining which employees and positions to let go, it is  responsible  to protect employee privacy. It is unethical to discuss issues regarding lay off in  common  areas. Documents containing information regarding layoffs must  be  confidential. Changes  introduction  in nursing care delivery In order to  deliver  similar or better services as it was before the downsize, it is necessary to  motivate  the remaining employees so that they may not  feel  overburden. Setting up a new framework on the duties and responsibilities will be  necessary. Employees should be given guidelines on how to cope with the work load. Employees may be required to work in  several  areas. For example, a nurse who used to work in one  ward  may be required to work in two wards. A procedural  framework  may also be  necessary. Services issued by  different  employees may be given by one employee. ... es, CEO,  SVP  Patient services,  SVP  Maternal Child  division, labor and Delivery manager, Maternal Child Manager, Paediatric Manager, Assistant Nurse of Clinical Coordinator, Staff RN, Nursing Assistants and Scrub Technician. Organizational structure is a system ensuring that all employees  get  coordinated to ensure the company achieves its goals. This  organization  structure  is  effective  because all these people oversees and coordinates employees and all the activities of the organization. The board of trustees acts in the best interests of the organization (Nelson &  Whitcomb,  2002). Board of trustees comprises of shareholders who oversee all the activities conducted are beneficial to the organization. The board of trustees exercises their powers for the financial benefit of the organization. Their inclusion in the organization is  crucial. This  organization  is  effective  as it includes a CEO. The CEO is responsible for success of t he organization. The CEO is responsible for Operations, marketing strategy, human resources, financing, hiring, creation of  company  culture, firing, compliance with safety regulations, PR, sales amongst other duties. His/ her responsibilities cannot be delegated. SVP  Maternal Child  division  deals with all programs of reproductive health, making it an essential component of the organization. Labor and  deliver  manager oversees employees in labour and  delivery  department. He/she ensure that patients  get  treatment and taken care of  well. He/she ensures that all operations are running well, in areas experiencing difficulty he finds for solutions. He/ she is responsible for the program and structural development making him or her an  influential  person in the organization structure. Paediatric manager makes sure that all

Human Pollution and Hazardous Chemicals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Pollution and Hazardous Chemicals - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Human Pollution and Hazardous Chemicals† investigates the influence of hazardous chemicals on human health through ways such as water, soil, and air (atmosphere). Human pollution are man-made pollutions that are caused by human beings through release of toxic substances and hazardous chemicals into the natural environment thereby causing hazardous and huge health effects and undesirable environment for human health. The great increase in human pollution results from faster population increase, increased industrialization and faster infrastructure development that forces man to clear the natural resources available for better ecosystem being. These results from human actions and activities like energy generation especially from nuclear generating plant, consumption, industrial production, waste disposal, and transportation. The pollutants may reach the surrounding human environments through ways such as water, soil, and air (atmosphere). Studies have sh own that most of the water pollutants come from land such as chemical fertilizers, detergents, pesticides, heavy metals, oil, plastics, sewage, and other metals where they accumulate deep down in the ocean flow and sediments, and later consumed by marine organisms which may later be re-introduced to the global food chain when they are consumed by man. Pollutants like Sulphur dioxide gas and carbon monoxide when excessively released into the atmosphere may lead to depletion of ozone layer leading to global warming and changes in climate systems.

Olsson et al_Sweden wetlands Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Olsson et al_Sweden wetlands - Essay Example being understood as the ability to start social transformation that usually moves away from undesired and unsustainable trajectories towards new ones that develop management of preferred ecosystem states and the related values. The article also demonstrates the inter-linkage between social and ecological systems that implies that losing the key structuring social variables could affect the state of the ecosystem just as losing the major ecological elements. Those systems that depend on one or more key stewards may be prone to changes. In an example, Peterson describes the management of the long-leaf pine forest in Florida and how the required stability of the forest is maintained as a major structuring variable. The loss of the forest cover through frequent fires has threatened the desired ecosystem states. The location of the forest is one of the factors that have led to its maintenance through active burning. The example illustrates how the structures and several processes are capable of giving a social memory of ecosystem supervision that maintains its capacity in changing times and may provide basis for

Discuss the effects of MEMS on product design, giving detailed Essay - 1

Discuss the effects of MEMS on product design, giving detailed examples of at least two product histories - Essay Example product design in industrial application systems and in the manufacturing of accelerometers is very elaborate, being evidenced by developments in iPhone and TAHE refrigerators, as shall be seen in the discussion which ensues forthwith. The reason behind iPhone and TAHE refrigerators increased volume of sales is because of the integration of MEMS technology into their operating systems, since this approach highly promotes effective and finer product design. MEMS technology has greatly promoted iPhone technology and product design by incorporating the gyroscope technology into its product design, since 2008. A gyroscope is a device that is used for measuring and maintaining orientation, based on the fundamental principles of the conservation of angular momentum. The applicability of the MEMS technology when using the gyroscope in order to further iPhone product designs is underscored by the fact that these gyroscopes use spinning rotors at the centre, in order to read changes that have taken place in orientation. It is for this reason that this kind of gyroscope is referred to as MEMS gyroscope (ADI, 2013, 1). The MEMS technology specifically achieves this feat through the process of integration. Specifically, MEMS does this by integrating electronic and mechanical components, and embedding the same into the entire system, at a very small scale. This feat can easily be achieved through the use of micro-machined silicon sensors and ASIC. For instance, the AGDI 2022 FP6AQ chip is found in the iPhone 4 and it also serves as the MEMS gyroscope which is reputed for having been designed by STMicroelectronics (Kolesar, 1998, 1). There is also the use of chip work which helps embed the gyroscope into the entire MEMS system. The same chip work is found in iPhone 4 and is identical to an off-the-shelf STMicroelectronics which is known as the L3G4200D. Since 2008, the use of GK10A also came in handy, since it oscillates or vibrates when the drive signal is triggered or

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth Essay - 10

Report on the Religious Life of Planet Earth - Essay Example f religion that I will analyze in this paper will involve the possibility of sacred places, which are protected and adored for religious functions and prayers. During the tour, I noticed that the people who live on earth tend to be notoriously religious, and they believe in supernatural beings, which protect them and guide them, as well control nature. There were structures in many parts of the earth that had been constructed to serve as churches, temples, mosques and monasteries for religious functions and rituals. These structures were well protected and respected by the entire members of the society, and those who violate the conventional rules for the buildings were severely sanctioned by the society (Haught, 1990). Further, serious sermons and prayers were conducted inside the churches by people who were believed to poses exceptional abilities, which enabled them to mediate with the supreme beings. On the same note, I realized that people chose one day in a week to worship and thanksgiving to their creator. Most of the people worshiped on the seventh day of every week while others chose other weekdays apart from Sunday (Caputo, 2001). However, other groups that were extremely religious did worship every day for several times, without ceasing. Further, people performed sacrifices to honor their creator; they mumbled things that were difficult to comprehend (Haught, 1990). During the sacrifices, it appeared as if the people on earth were confessing their sins and they were pleading with the super natural power; this serves to forgive them the transgressions that they had committed. The roles that religion seemed to play in the world was to foster solidarity among the society members as they came together to worship and share their life experiences (Caputo, 2001). Religion seemed to make people hopeful about the life. Further, religion was the tool of checking morality in the world; people used it judge moral behavior from immoral behavior. The religious

Summarizing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Summarizing - Article Example Dave firmly opines that the effect of tariffs and quota are same on consumers that they have to spend higher. Dave says that money simply changes hands. At times, government prefers voluntary quotas in which a foreign nation on its own agrees for its exports to a fixed number. It helps the US because then they need not pass any legislation to enforce any quota on the foreign nations. Importers get scarce licenses to import the goods and in turn make huge profits. Whether tariffs, quotas or voluntary quotas are imposed, finally, the price to consumers goes up. It is estimated that impact of such voluntary quota restriction to import cars from Japan is almost $400 per car. Overall, consumers paid an extra $4 billion because free imports were not allowed. Tariffs, quotas restrict innovation in the domestic industry. Tariffs and quota provide cushioning to the domestic industry as they can sell goods at higher prices. Whenever the government resorts to a voluntary quota kind of system, f oreign manufacturers establish manufacturing facilities in the US itself. This way, American jobs are created but products are certainly expensive compared to imports due to high labor costs involved. In tariff, or quota system, producers spend more time lobbying with the government to maintain or increase those restrictions so that they are safeguarded. Manufacturers become less innovative when free trade is not allowed and consumers do not get novelty and better products, processes or systems. Nations differ in available resources such as skilled or unskilled laborers, land, technology, metals, minerals, or energy resources and accordingly, they differ in their ability to produce goods at the most competitive prices. Technologically advanced country such as US can produce Boeing planes, high tech ammunitions or other high tech products and can earn much higher. The point is that the US has absolute advantage in agriculture production due to huge land stock; does that mean that the US should put all its resources on agriculture? Certainly, the answer is negative. The fact is that not all nations can produce all goods. Each nation’s comparative advantage in producing a specific good differs significantly. As discussed in the article, the US does not have comparative advantage in producing television sets due to higher labor costs compared to Japan. The discussion is all about tariffs and quota; their drawbacks and how it hampers free trade internationally. Free trade benefits consumers because best quality products are available at the most economical prices. Consumer satisfaction is at its top if free trade is allowed to take place. That also enhances disposable income of the consumers (due to savings realized while purchasing imported goods) diverting the money for buying other goods. This eventually boosts economy of the nation. The biggest argument that is put forward in favor of tariffs and quota is for protecting employment within the country. For example, the US cannot produce garments and other textile apparels at the cost that countries such as China or India can produce due to high involvement of laborers in its production processes. If the US imposes tariffs or quota on these countries for importing textiles then that means that, the US textile industries and laborers are protected at the cost of US consumers. In such a situation, increased spending on textiles and garments by consumers will result into

Mentoring in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Mentoring in Practice - Essay Example Mentoring is the process of supporting and guiding people with the aim of empowering them so that they can better manage and benefit from their own potentials, skills and advance their performance and reach where they want to reach. It is also a perfect tool for empowering and developing personal skills and helping people to advance in their careers. The process of mentoring, established under the principle of communal trust and esteem involves two partners, mentor and mentee, with the same objectives (Mentorset 2008). A mentor guides and helps the mentee to take the right direction towards achieving their careers. Mentors usually are people having the same experiences, having a deep understanding of the issue involved, and hence providing the mentee with the chance to reflect on the career options before him and make progress. Therefore, a mentor helps the mentee to believe in himself and uplift his confidence. Finally, the mentee will be able to understand better and direct his life towards a chosen destination (Ongycp n.d.) The roles and the responsibilities of a mentor are very diverse and complex depending on the question in consideration. The mentor does not decide for the mentee but only assists him to decide. The mentor only guides, facilitates and acts as a role model to the mentee towards where the mentee want to reach (Nakagawa 2012). As time goes, the roles and the responsibilities of the mentor may change depending on the changes in the objectives and needs of the mentee. This is because; each stage reached may require different strategies in order to move successfully to the next stage. However, as the goals, needs and objectives shift, the most important idea to keep in mind is that the mentor always ensures and guarantees the mentee his freedom to develop his own goals (University of Southern Queensland 2014). A mentor is an experienced person who provides guidance to the less experience one by enhancing trust and cultivating positive

The Nexus Between Social Psychology and Psychoanalytic Family Therapy Essay Example for Free

The Nexus Between Social Psychology and Psychoanalytic Family Therapy Essay This paper addresses the connection between self and collectivism concepts of social psychology and psychoanalytic family therapy. It is revealed in the discussion in the paper that the link between the two psychology elements is very strong and thus the need for family therapy to solve some of the problems accruing from self and collectivism.   In essence the paper looks at the nexus by bringing out real life examples emanating from these socio psychology concepts. In essence there is affirmation that the two psychology disciplines are interrelated and one helps to improve the problems that are created from the other. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social psychology is the bit of psychology that deals with how the thoughts, feeling, and behaviors of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined or indirect presence of others.   It can therefore be insinuated that social psychology not only studies an individual but the whole society. In the study of social psychology therefore an individual is looked at a part of a society and not a unique entity. Thus in essence, an individual can affect others or be affected by others. On the other hand psychoanalytic family therapy studies an individual with the focus that, he or she emanates from a family unit. Basically the psychoanalytic family therapy focuses on the basic wants and fears that keep individuals from interacting in a mature way. Family therapists find profound truths about system interactions and how they affect individuals in the family- in this case a family is a system unit. The nexus that come along this with the social psychology concept can be concluded to be that, studying a family is the beginning of studying the first interactive social unit and thus a strong bond is created between social psychology and psychoanalytic family therapy. Psychoanalytic family therapy aims to free family members of unconscious constraints so that they interact with each other as healthy individuals. In essence, the bottom line is that psychoanalytic family therapists aim at changing an individual’s personality rather than the entire family. When individual character traits are changed in the society, then eventually the whole society is shaped towards a designated direction. Concept of Self and Psychoanalytic Family Therapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of self can be realized to advocate the underlying reality that every human being longs to be appreciated. This might be internalized at an early age when parents tend to appreciate their children. As a matter of fact, this shows a direct link with the concept of self and the psychoanalytic family therapy. The concept of self was studied by social psychologists in pretext or disguise of self awareness, self consciousness and self esteem.   On the other hand the internalized behaviors as a result of appreciating parents are like self confidence- this comes as a result of appreciative parents. This shows the bond between the concept of self and psychoanalytic family therapy since it is the realization of an individual’s self confidence for example that enables him/her to interact with others as a healthy individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The concept of self is a controversial one such that psychologists have failed to agree on what self entails. It cannot be distinguished if self is what you are, something you want to be or something you were or something you aspire to be. Selfhood can be said to have two facets; that is its uniqueness and its innate tendency to preserve its integrity. There is a sociological self that can be identified by others owing to its distinctive attributes- this points at the social psychology direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Family therapy involves the study of social relationships. This shows that as much as an individual is a self-being they relate to others on the basis of expectations formed by early experience probably gotten from the family as a social unit. This can be depicted by the fact that an individual learns the wrongs and the rights from the family. Therefore when the relationships in a family are in crisis the therapists come in to change the self that appears to be the source of the crisis so that they can harmonize the interaction in that family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of self is perceived by Freud that an infant conceives itself as all encompassing and with time sees itself as distinctive and unique. In psychoanalysis individuals and their deepest motives are studied (Kohut 1971).   While family therapy studies social relationships, there is a relation that comes up with the expectations formed by early experiences. The result of the past relationships is the internalized objects – mental images of self and others developed from the previous experiences and expectations.   Example of this can be seem in racial prejudices- where an individual can have an internal feeling that he/she is inferior to another or a certain race is inferior to theirs or vice versa, this is by virtue of the experience they had in their previous life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of self can be perceived with the development of language that comes with the boundary between one’s body self and one’s symbolic self. It is indispensable at this juncture to de-link the nexus between social psychology concept of self and family therapy since psychoanalytic family therapy endeavors to study social interaction and language is the vehicle in which this is done thus its development is crucial.   The broadening contacts with secondary (friends) and primary (family) groups and strangers develop increasingly defined boundary between self and groups or others thus showing the link between social psychology and psychoanalytical family therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of self can be considered when an adolescent brings increasing differentiation between self and parents featuring battles for privacy and rights for distinctive as individuals make to break from parents. This is a scenario when the self ego creates a crisis. This in essence causes disharmony in the interaction within the family set up. Thus the need for family therapy to harmonize interactions in this family becomes essential.   This shows a very common crisis between young people and parents and the link between the concept of self in social psychology and psychoanalytic family therapy. On the other hand, adulthood features maintain boundaries between one’s public and private selves, such as those of one’s work and family roles. It is common for adults to keep family roles distinct from their work, for instance men are known to keep their business deals private even from their wives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is the notion of participants in social interaction tending to take the role of each other. This enables individuals to know how they are coming across to others and allows them to guide their social behavior so that it has desired effect. It is a situation when an infant tries to emulate the object that it appreciates. For young children therefore, parents offer models for idealization. In this case parents are selfobjects experienced as part of the self (Kohut 1971. 1977). Therefore, the believe and trust to the parent give the child the base of self-esteem. So there will be the need for psychoanalytic family therapy if the concept of self is not attained. This hence shows the bond between social psychology and family therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Socially, the concept of self can be distributed such that socio- historical settings can give rise to a prevalence of a given self type in the society- a situation where we have a certain character in a society- and how in turn this can affect the society’s collective. This can affect the society collectively in terms of its attitude to religion, political and economic orders. This denotes that new social arrangements leads to new action or ways of doing things thus to new personality of people in the society. This re-emphasizes the link between the self concept of social psychology and psychoanalytic family therapy since the latter tend to reshape individual’s personality in aim of facilitating societal integration. Though when identifying individual, people tend to peg them to their sociological setting, but still some types of self like the Machiavellians, authoritarians, high self monitors and introverts can be expected to act distinctly regardless of the setting or the environment they are in. Therefore it can be insinuated from this that there is an overriding concept of self in these characters, thus the need for psychoanalytic therapy that will see them may be change their personalities. Concept of collectivism and psychoanalytic family therapy      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collectivism is a concept is a social psychological idea that focuses on groups engaging in struggle for scarce resources of some sort. For instance, an individual is supposedly to be a self willed determine but the case of racism is which emanates from either deterministic external environmental forces or equally deterministic internal psychological forces does not give a provision for the latter. For example a child acquires racism attitudes and believes by observing those that are surrounding him/her -that is the media, parents and peers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of collectivism is perceived in that it has characteristics of personal to the collective good i.e. to the societal betterment.   There is an assumption that individuals are members of a collective group. Thus, the family is the smallest unit of this collective group. As a child joins school they join another social group, regardless of the learned personalities from home they form other personalities. Therefore this concept of social psychology links to family therapy such that if the unwanted characteristic traits are not treated in the family unit, they will be transferred to another collective unit and this is a class (group of students)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collectivism values similarity and conformity rather than uniqueness and independence. Collectivism in this case gives a perception that individuals are grouped as per their similarity and conform to the standards set up by the setting they live in. There is no provision for uniqueness according to the concept of collectivism.   Thus the psychoanalytic family therapists can be linked to this social psychology concept of collectivism by changing the family set up in the effort of correcting a crisis, for instance if a family has members who are violent then this will be a time for family therapy to step in to curb the social psychological collective trait of violence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  When cultures are more collectivistic, conformity tend to be higher and identification of groups also influences the amount of conformity. When people identify highly with a group they show more conformity than the low identifiers. When social identity is most important the norms attached to these identities guides the group members’ behaviors.   People from a collectivistic culture who identified highly with their group were less individualistic than low identifiers (Jetten, Postmes, and McAuliffe 2002). The social psychological concept of collectivism thus becomes linked to psychoanalytic family therapy since the latter can be used in addressing the critical and controversial cultures at the family level. For example the family therapists can be used to correct stereotypic cultures like female genital mutilation by helping the individuals in the society practicing this act by changing their attitude towards this act. Also the perception of individuals on the basis of their race can be addressed using psychoanalytical family therapy. It is therefore an open secret that, using the above mentioned examples, there is a link between social psychology concept of collectivism and psychoanalytic family therapy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another case where collective concept of social psychology applies is in suicide terrorism. This can be realized when suicide terrorism which is a function of culture martyrdom where an organization   establish social contracts of identity – as a living martyrdom- thus gaining prestige in the society. This can be addressed by applying psychoanalytic family therapy at the family level which will see the recruits retreating after learning the negatives of the actions. This in essence is a case where social psychology concept of collectivism can be resolved by the link it has with psychoanalytic family therapists.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two concepts of social psychology discussed in the paper (self and collectivism) provide ways in how the problems emanating from the concepts can be addressed using analytical family therapy. This depicts the bond that is found between the two and if used in the right way can be used to prevent some of the problems that are in the contemporary world like terrorism and suicide among the youth. The bond between social psychology and analytical family therapy comes by the fact that family therapy convenes families to help go one another- by improving the trait of an individual by allowing them to be independent; at the same time ensuring that people are related in the society. It is to this effect that the nexus between the two is indispensable. References Freud, S. Group Psychology and Analysis of Ego. Edition 17. London: Hogarth press, 1955. Jetten, J â€Å"We are all individuals.†Ã‚   Group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification, and identification threat.   European Journal of Social psychology, 32, 189-207    Justin, J Group domination and inequality in context: evidence of the unstable meanings social and dominance and authoritarianism (p 704-724)   Kevin, A. Theory Models of Counseling and Psychotherapy. Barnes: Psychology press, 2004.   Marc, M. Psychology and its Allied Disciplines. Chicago: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1984. Shapiro, R. Family Dynamics and Object Relation theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979.

Corporate Marketing Philosophies: Pros and Cons

Corporate Marketing Philosophies: Pros and Cons 1.1 Introduction This essay will critically discuss the philosophies and pros cons of corporate marketing making references to the work of Balmer and Geyser. The essay will also examine the historiography or the phases through which the corporate marketing has passed through over the few decades. Before understanding the concept of corporate marketing, we should first try and understand the reasons for the evolution of the term corporate marketing. According to Balmer 1998, corporate image is interpreted in numerous ways by different writers. The concept has negative association and the literature work in the field has shown that the image association can be perceived differently by groups of stakeholder. The concept of corporate image management has been challenged by many writers and many literary works suggest that the stakeholders are not always important for the organization. The other concept corporate branding is useful but many companies have failed to develop a corporate brand. Therefore the term is ruled out. Visual graphics has been given more emphasis in corporate identity making it a debatable topic. Thus these concepts can be considered as the building blocks of corporate marketing which can be the umbrella title for this era. 1.2 Understanding Corporate Marketing The term corporate denotes that the area of concern is strategy. Its importance is that the CEO and the board of directors are familiar with the strategies within the organization. The basic principle of the term marketing has been the diverse perspectives. The term marketing has been related with corporate earlier also and few related concepts have already been accepted widely for example IMC, green marketing etc. So what is the difference between Marketing and Corporate marketing? The profitable exchange relationship will remain one of the main features of corporate marketing but the emphasis will be on multiple exchange relationship and the corporation will be less concerned with the ownership; they will see themselves as a part of a network. (Balmer and Greyser, Epilogue, Revealing the corporation, pg348 to 350). So to put it in a nutshell, Corporate Marketing is a group of corporation which has a single corporate ethos, aim and values (philosophy) that binds the company and its image, branding, reputation, identity, communication, customers and stakeholders. 1.3 Pros and cons of corporate marketing The works in the field of corporate marketing can provide meaningful insight to thinking on the larger corporate-level area. The area of concern is strategic therefore it importance is such that the CEO and directors are familiar with the scope and significance on a regular basis. Communication, image, reputation, and branding are key concepts within the marketing domain, although marketing scholars and practitioners frequently incorporate others, such as identity but these concepts are conceived in context of the product or brand rather than the corporation but corporate marketing will help to view all the above concepts as one. The term corporate marketing is not a new term. Kotler and Levy (1969) had recommended that the marketing concept should be broadened so as to cover any organisation and that it should be able to be applied to all areas of business and not just product-dominated organizations. The corporate marketing is a very wide term so it is not possible for a head of a department to handle it. It requires a senior board position such as Deputy chief executive. The person should be highly qualified with the knowledge in the fields like planning, organizational behavior and communications etc. The area is also too wide to be covered in a single degree course and the area will require inputs from non- management courses such as philosophy. Finally, the consultancies are still not familiar with new insights in corporate identity. They occupied in producing systems of visual identifications for organizations. (Balmer and Greyser, Epilogue, Revealing the corporation, pg348 to 350) (Balmer, Journal of Marketing Management, pp. 963-996(34)) 1.4 Historiography of corporate marketing According to Balmer and Greyser the corporate marketing have passed through several eras before reaching the present though the focus has always been the customers as correctly said by Frank Taussig, a former President of the American Economic Association stated back in 1912 that, We must accept the consumer as the final judge (The Economist, 2006). 1950-1970- Corporate Imaging There was more stress on the concept of corporate image in the period of 1950 to1970. Corporate image is the consumer perception of the corporate entity behind a brand. In a few cases, the corporate entity is known and the image has a positive influence on brand sales, such as Apple. In other cases, the corporate image acquires negative connotations such as BP did following the oil spill in Gulf of Mexico. According to Balmer (1998), there are three paradigms to corporate imaging. These are Psychological Paradigm- Use of symbolic relation eg logos (Bromley, 1993; Grunig, 1993). Graphic Design Paradigm- Use of visual graphics for companies philosophies, values etc to make it fashionable. (Balmer 1995). Marketing and Public Relation Paradigm- An understanding of the experiences, beliefs, feelings about and knowledge of an organisation, as held by an individual, group, or groups (Bernstein, 1984, cited in Balmer 1998) (Balmer, Journal of Marketing Management, pp. 963-996(34) 1970-1980: -Era of Corporate Identity and Corporate Personality Corporate Personality can be defined as the view and opinion of the personnel within the organisation. By this time it was imperative for the companies to understand that the most their own staff were an important part of the organisation. The companies understood that it was necessary to train their staff and make sure that they were in line with the companys philosophy, mission and values. The concept of corporate identity is still debatable. According to Balmer (1998), there are groups which consider the Latin meaning of the word identity i.e. same and connect it to logos, images and visual branding. Whereas there are other groups which use the word identity when referring to the distinct attributes of an organisation, i.e. what it is. Balmer 1995, cited in balmer 1998. There are few instances when the corporate identity, image and reputation are not in synchronization with each other this usually happens due to bad corporate communication. Therefore the companies need to have a good corporate image in the eyes of the stakeholders and a favorable corporate reputation. According to Balmer and Greyser (revealing the corporation Pg 42), Identity can be regarded as Triquadri Orbis. Visual identification Staff identification Distinct attributes of the organisation (who are we, what are we). Mid-1980s-mid-1990s This era was the dawn of corporate communication and corporate reputation. Corporate reputation A corporate reputation is a set of attributes ascribed to a firm inferred from a firms past actions. (Weigelt and Camerer (1988 pI), cited in Balmer 1998) Fombrun and Van Riel (1997) have identified six distinct academic literatures in relation to Corporate Reputation. This is shown in Figure 2. Discipline Categorization of Reputation Economics Reputation viewed as traits or signals. Perception held of the organisation by an organisations external stakeholders. Marketing Viewed from the customer or end-users perspective and concentrates on the manner in which reputations are formed. Organisational Behaviour Viewed as the sense-making experiences of employees or the perception of the organisation held by an organisations internal stakeholders. Accountancy Reputation seen as an intangible asset and one that can or should be given financial worth. Sociology Viewed as an aggregate assessment of a firms performance relative to expectation and norms in an institutional context Strategy Reputation viewed as assets and mobility barriers. Figure 2. Categorization of Corporate Reputation According to Various Literatures Source: Balmer 1998, cited in Fombrun and Van Riel (1997). Figure 3 Defining corporate reputation (Manto Gotsi, Alan M. Wilson, (2001) Corporate reputation: seeking a definition, Corporate Communications: An International Journal, Vol. 6 Iss: 1, pp.24 30) Thus corporate reputation is the perception that is build up over the period of time considering the past action of the company. Since Fombrun research, lot of studies has been done on corporate reputation which is been greatly helpful in expanding the knowledge on this concept. Corporate communication In the mid 1990s companies realized that the corporate communication strategies are not only useful from customers point of view, but it is also very important from shareholders perspective. According to Balmer (2009), the Dutch scholar Van Riel (1995) argues that there are three stands of communication; management communication (employee focus), marketing communication (customer focus) and organizational communication (stakeholder focus). The work of Stephen Greyser, Harvard Business School Professor, has been the greatly acknowledged in the field of corporate communication. He even started a course in corporate communication in Harvard Business School. Mid 1990s till Present Corporate Branding and the dawn of corporate marketing Corporate Brand is the covenant or a promise between an organization and the stakeholders or the customers. It conveys what the company can deliver in terms of product, or customer experience. It can be aspirational, for example, apple promises innovation and quality to the customers. To get a better picture let us try to understand corporate brand covenant. It is a promise or a pledge made by business organisations to stakeholders. These promises, no matter how minute they may be, are binding upon business organisations and they are seen as the parameter upon which corporate brand performance is measured. The notion of promise can be stated in four stages: God/firm Level God has a personality so does a firm. A firm presents themselves like a god who knows everything within their business area. Message Level- Gods presents its covenant to man in the form of a message which is irreversible. The firm also conveys its personality or identity to the stakeholders through corporate communication which is in a way a promise to the stakeholder to remain in the business. The man/stakeholder level and reputation levels- The gods covenant is interpreted by man which then develops the reputation of God. Similarly the corporate personality conveyed by the firm is interpreted by the people concerned with the organisation which then develops positive or negative reputation. Source: Olutayo Otubanjo, Temi Abimbola, Olusanmi Amujo, (2010) Conceptualising the notion of corporate brand covenant, Journal of Product Brand Management, pp.410 422 Figure 4: comparison of biblical and marketing notion of covenant Source: Olutayo Otubanjo, Temi Abimbola, Olusanmi Amujo, (2010) Conceptualising the notion of corporate brand covenant, Journal of Product Brand Management, Vol. 19 Iss: 6, pp.410 422 According to Balmer (1998), several distinct concepts have evolved since 1950: perception of the company by external environment, visual identification and symbolic relationship between the company and the people, corporate personality and identity, how it is perceived by the stakeholders and corporate branding. Corporate branding is closely linked to marketing and the various aspects of the business therefore this theory could lead to the advent of corporate marketing. 1.5 Conclusion Till date the concept corporate identity and corporate marketing has been vague but it is very clear that though there has been emphasis on different concepts in different phases, the organization needs to understand that the key to good image and reputation is through corporate identity. It is possible that corporate identity will evolve into a broader term called corporate marketing which will encompass the various management concepts used till date. Corporate marketing will be an organization wide philosophy which would keep in mind that the stakeholders are as important as the customers. It is like a super term wherein the key management concepts like corporate -identity, branding, communication and reputation are combined together to form a single organizational philosophy. Corporate Marketing I future will be applied to the areas where there is a relationship between the organization and the various stakeholders PART (B) 2.1 Introduction In the second part of the essay I will be critically analysing Balmers Marketing Mix and Balmers 6C making reference to his work. It is very clear that marketing is undergoing through paradigms shifts which are evident from ascendancy of the management concepts. The focus on various stakeholders is as important as the customers, therefore Balmer extended the original 4 Ps to 11Ps. The new marketing mix shifts the focus from the product to organisation as a single entity. Balmer then later simplified the 11Ps to 6Cs which can be used by seniors executives to follow the mission of the organisation. 2.2 Balmers Marketing Mix (1998) The original Marketing Mix was given by Borden which was simplified by Mcarthy to 4Ps, which is easier to remember and recall. In 1998, Balmer extended the marketing mix to 10 elements to articulate the new Marketing Mix. He later added an eleventh P so as to take account of corporate brand. Product What the organisation sells or does Perception The reputation held of the organisation Philosophy and Ethos What the organisation stands for, the way it undertakes its work and activities. Price The valuation its brands (corporate, services and product). What it charges for its products and services. 11 Ps of marketing mix People In addition to customers: the organisations internal and external constituencies and communities Place Selling and distribution of products and services.(Franchising, outsourcing, licensing). Promise The expectations associated with the corporate brand and the promise underpinning the corporate brand Performance Quality of products and services. Standards vis a vis issues of governance, ethics and social responsibility Promotion Co-ordinated corporate communications (Corporate advertising, corporate PR, visual identification etc.) Positioning The organisations position relative to its competitors Personality The critical role of personnel vis a vis corporate marketing activities. Figure 1: The 11 Ps of Corporate Marketing Mix Explanation (Balmer 1998) Source:- Balmer and Greyser, Epilogue, revealing the corporation, pg 348-355 2.3 Merits and Demerits of Corporate Marketing Mix The focus of 4Ps been in terms of products and services rather than corporation. Balmers 11Ps can be orchestrated to underpin the new gestalt of organisations. The 11Ps are not only profit orientated but also focuses on the survival of the business. One of the major component of corporate marketing is coordinated organisational activities therefore the corporate marketing mix helps to understand the present needs and wants of the stakeholders The corporate marketing mix also tries to balance the current shareholders demands and the societal needs with those of the future. Since the Marketing mix are extended to 11Ps, the communications mix will need to be extended in order to encompass the many stakeholder groups which are of importance to organisations, as well as taking into account the numerous channels of communication. Corporate Marketing Mix given by Balmer has the similar problem as Bordons marketing Mix; it had the difficulty of remembering and recalling. Therefore Balmer simplified the mix to Balmers 6C. (Comprehending Corporate Marketing and the Corporate Marketing Mix J.M.T. Balmer Working Paper No 06/08 March 2006 and Revealing the corporation), (Balmer and Greyser, revealing the corporation, pg 349-355). 2.4 The Six Dimensions of the revised Corporate Marketing Mix The 6Cs CHARACTER Corporate Identity: What we are It is the factors that differentiate or one entity from another. The distinct feature can be tangible and intangible such as corporate ownership and structure, corporate philosophy and corporate history CULTURE Corporate Culture: what we feel we are It is the views of the staff about the organisation.. These beliefs are derived from the values, beliefs, and assumptions about the organisation and its historical roots and heritage. CONSTITUENCIES Corporate Governance: Whom we seek to serve The philosophy of corporate-marketing depends on the needs and wants of the stakeholders such as employees, investors, local community etc) because without their support it will be difficult for the organisation to exist. CONCEPTUALISATION Corporate Image and Corporate Reputation: How are we seen? It is the perceptions of the corporate brand held by customers and other key stakeholder groups. COMMUNICATION Corporate Communications: What we say we are Corporate communications is the controlled message from the organisation to the customers and the stakeholders. COVENANT Corporate Brand: What is promised and expected A corporate brand is like a contract, which can be compared to a covenant holder groups often have a religious-like loyalty to the corporate brand. Failure to acknowledge the contract could lead to bad reputation and identity. 2.5 Merits and Demerits of Balmers 6C. Balmers 6c is the revised version of rather than a mix collected together for a department. The importance components of the six dimensions Balmers 11Ps so it easier to remember and recollect. It is a organisation wide philosophy are cleared by the questions underpinned with each element. It provides the senior executives key elements that inform corporate marketing paradigms. However the dimensions are aligned symmetrically, therefore the relationship of each element should be taken in a broader aspect. The senior executive should not follow the same structure of the elements as it is not attainable. They should view the dimensions in a broader perspective and a dynamic alignment because identities are always in the making. A rigid alignment of the elements could be hazardous. (Corporate marketing: apocalypse, advent and epiphany, J. Balmer, pg 544-572) (Comprehending Corporate Marketing and the Corporate Marketing Mix J. Balmer Working Paper No 06/08 March 2006) 2.6 Comparison of Balmers Marketing Mix and Balmers 6C 6C is basically the shortened version of marketing mix. Balmer revised is so that it will be easier to remember and recall. Philosophy (what company stands), Product (what company does), Price (what it charges for the products), Place (distribution), Performance (quality) and Personality (organisations position relative to its competitors) from Balmers marketing mix is combined together to form Character which is one of the Cs. Personality (what the staffs perception about the company) similar to culture Promotion (advertising, pr etc at corporate level) similar to communication People (internal and external communities) similar to constituencies Perceprtion(perception of the stakeholders) similar to conceptualisation Promise (expectation associated with the brand) similar to covenant. 2.7 Conclusion

Sophocles Antigone - Creons Fatal Flaw Essay -- Antigone essays

Antigone - Creon's Fatal Flaw A master artisan and innovator of the Greek tragedy, Sophocles' insightful plays have held their value throughout countless time periods and societies. Through the use of common literary techniques, Sophocles was able to express themes and ideas that reflect all of humankind. On particular idea was that Sophocles believed that hubris is destructive and will eventually lead to one's demise. Creon, the proud king of Thebes has such a fatal flaw. His hubris alienates Teiresias, Haimon, and his people. Teiresias attempts to explain to Creon the severity of Creon's actions, but Creon only shuns Teiresias. No matter how potent the signs, Creon "would not yield," (Scene 5, Line 47). Creon's hubris prevents him from recognizing his self- destructive behavior. Instead, he accuses Teiresias of disloyalty and succumbing to bribery. He feels Teiresias has "sold out" (Scene 5, Line 65) and that Creon was "the butt for th...

The role of culture in the economic development of countries Essay

Introduction: The role of culture in the economic development of countries is often overlooked by economists, yet it can significantly affect a country’s economic development. Culture generates assets, such as skills, products, expression, and insight that contribute to the social and economic well being of the community. I will show the benefit of culture’s impact on economic development through tourism, social capital, and corporate governance. In contrast, culture can produce negative outcomes in economic development. Cultural issues, such as gender inequality, lack of social capital, and diminishing cultural heritages, contribute to a downgrading economy. To understand culture’s impact on a country’s economic development, it is important to understand what culture is: a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living (Hill 98). Furthermore, it is about the way the people live, and how the quality of their lives can be improved. It shapes â€Å"the way things are done† and our understanding of why this should be so. Culture is concerned with identity, aspiration, symbolic exchange, coordination, and structures and practices that serve relational ends, such as ethnicity, rituals, heritage, norms, meanings, and beliefs. It is not a set of primitive wonders permanently embedded within national, religious, or other groups, but rather a set of contested attributes, constantly changing, both shaping and being shaped by social and economic aspects of human interaction. Economic development is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity, such as land, labor, capital, and technology, of a national, state, or local economy, as stated by the U.S. Economic Development Administration. Economic development influences growth and restructuring of an economy to enhance economic well-being. We experience economic growth when our standard of living is rising. Rather than being a simplistic process, economic development typically is a range of influences aimed at achieving objectives like creating jobs and wealth and improving the quality of life. It incorporates coordinated initiatives targeted at expanding infrastructure and increasing the volume and/or quality of goods and services produced by a community. A common measure of economic development is a country’s gross national ... ...Business Today. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. Governance Matters. The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth and World Bank Institute Governance, Regulation and Finance, October 1999. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Improving Business Behavior: Why we need Corporate Governance. Oct. 2004. OECD. The National Conference of State Legislatures. Cultural Policy Working Group. Investing In Culture: Innovations In State Policy. The National Conference of State Legislatures: 2003. â€Å"Tourism sector plays key role in economic development.† Economics. Radio the Voice of Vietnam. 2004 United Nations. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. Gender Mainstreaming. United Nations: Oct. 2004 United States. Department of Commerce. Economic Development Administration. United States: May 2002. Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. World Bank, Jan 1999. World Bank. Gender and Development Group. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals. 4 April 2003 The role of culture in the economic development of countries Essay Introduction: The role of culture in the economic development of countries is often overlooked by economists, yet it can significantly affect a country’s economic development. Culture generates assets, such as skills, products, expression, and insight that contribute to the social and economic well being of the community. I will show the benefit of culture’s impact on economic development through tourism, social capital, and corporate governance. In contrast, culture can produce negative outcomes in economic development. Cultural issues, such as gender inequality, lack of social capital, and diminishing cultural heritages, contribute to a downgrading economy. To understand culture’s impact on a country’s economic development, it is important to understand what culture is: a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living (Hill 98). Furthermore, it is about the way the people live, and how the quality of their lives can be improved. It shapes â€Å"the way things are done† and our understanding of why this should be so. Culture is concerned with identity, aspiration, symbolic exchange, coordination, and structures and practices that serve relational ends, such as ethnicity, rituals, heritage, norms, meanings, and beliefs. It is not a set of primitive wonders permanently embedded within national, religious, or other groups, but rather a set of contested attributes, constantly changing, both shaping and being shaped by social and economic aspects of human interaction. Economic development is fundamentally about enhancing the factors of productive capacity, such as land, labor, capital, and technology, of a national, state, or local economy, as stated by the U.S. Economic Development Administration. Economic development influences growth and restructuring of an economy to enhance economic well-being. We experience economic growth when our standard of living is rising. Rather than being a simplistic process, economic development typically is a range of influences aimed at achieving objectives like creating jobs and wealth and improving the quality of life. It incorporates coordinated initiatives targeted at expanding infrastructure and increasing the volume and/or quality of goods and services produced by a community. A common measure of economic development is a country’s gross national ... ...Business Today. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004. Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Pablo Zoido-Lobaton. Governance Matters. The World Bank Development Research Group Macroeconomics and Growth and World Bank Institute Governance, Regulation and Finance, October 1999. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Improving Business Behavior: Why we need Corporate Governance. Oct. 2004. OECD. The National Conference of State Legislatures. Cultural Policy Working Group. Investing In Culture: Innovations In State Policy. The National Conference of State Legislatures: 2003. â€Å"Tourism sector plays key role in economic development.† Economics. Radio the Voice of Vietnam. 2004 United Nations. Office of the Special Adviser on Gender Issues and Advancement of Women. Gender Mainstreaming. United Nations: Oct. 2004 United States. Department of Commerce. Economic Development Administration. United States: May 2002. Woolcock, Michael, and Deepa Narayan. Social Capital: Implications for Development Theory, Research, and Policy. World Bank, Jan 1999. World Bank. Gender and Development Group. Gender Equality and the Millennium Development Goals. 4 April 2003

US department of education should be abolished Essay -- Persuasive, Ed

Discussing the topic of education Thomas Jefferson asserted â€Å"I know of no safe depository of the ultimate powers of the society but the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to take it from them but to inform their discretion.† (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1976) . Educating future American generations was a discussion topic during the nation’s founding. President Jefferson, like many founders, politicians and scholars stressed the importance of educating the people. Knowledge was an important factor in a healthy Republic. Recent politicians have taken a stance against the Department of Education. Considering the importance of education, why would anyone take a stance against education? The current stance is not against education but instead it is against the Department of Education. The founders did not envision education controlled by the federal government; instead th ey proclaimed support for state governed education with federal assistance. More than two hundred years passed without a U.S. Department of Education, because people feared government meddling in education. Those fears are coming to fruition. Today the U.S. Department of Education is a Bureaucratic nightmare. The department continues to grow in both size and expense with little progress shown. The American people fear that their children will not receive a proper education without the department. This fear is propagated by the department itself. After all they have to make a living. At least two different federal education plans developed since the department started operations. Therefore, The Department of Education should be abolished because the American people did no... ...as tasked in 1981 to collect information and survey the status of education. The commission was to prepare a report for the Secretary of Education and the President within 18 months. Studies had shown that American students were scoring lower on tests than their counterparts in other nations including, Japan, South Korea and Germany (The National Commission of Excellence in Education, 1983). This fear was the driving force behind the commissioning. The commission produced A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform in April 1983 meeting the prescribed deadline. The commission declared that American education had been backsliding since the Soviets launched Sputnik. Illiteracy had risen and average test scores declined during that time period. American industry was losing ground to Japan in Automobiles, South Korea in Steel and Germany in machine tools.

Health Care Communication

University of Phoenix Material Health Care Communication Methods The following assignment options provide the opportunity for you to explore communication methods for different kinds of health care scenarios. The assignment options also allow you to examine the effects of HIPAA and other regulations on health care communication. Select and complete one of the following assignments: Option 1: Nursing Home Administrator Option 2: Communications Coordinator Option 1: Nursing Home AdministratorRead the following scenario: * As the administrator of a local nursing home, you have just received notification that the organization is being purchased by a national group. Because of new policies to be implemented, many of the residents will be displaced. To make the situation more challenging, some of these residents have difficulty communicating, have no local family, and have not indicated that they approve the release of their medical information. Arrangements must be made for these individu als.Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on the different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Option 2: Communications Coordinator Consider the following scenario: * You are the communications coordinator for a national drug manufacturer. Recently, there have been reports of significant negative effects caused by one of your medications that is used by a significant population. News reports have alleged that one of the individuals affected is a well-known public figure. You are t asked with addressing the news reports and the general public regarding this situation.Write a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper on different types of communication methods for the health care organization described in the scenario. Include the following in your paper: The advantages and disadvantages of using traditional, electronic, and social media for health care communication The effects of HIPAA and other regulations on the use of these media for health care communication Cite a minimum of two sources, one from the University Library and the other from the course textbooks or Electronic Reserve Readings, to support your position. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Health Care Communication The patient who is distrusting of their nurse will not be compliant or may not take part in self-care. Nurses communicate each day with patients and coworkers. Building effective communication skills in the healthcare industry can lead to optimal outcomes. The first step to communication is to determine what the message to be conveyed is and put it in a logical order. Make the message brief. Choosing your words correctly will allow the receiver to understand what you are saying. Be considerate of the patient's education, cultural, knowledge base and level of understanding.When you begin to speak be sure that you have the attention of the receiver, at the end of the conversation get feedback to ensure that your message was conveyed correctly. This paper will discuss the definition of health care communication, the relevancy of effective personal healthcare communication with other health care professionals and patients, relevancy of effective healthcare communication to health outcome s, and how the lack of effective personal and professional healthcare communications contributes to poor health outcomes. Healthcare communication can be defined as when an individual seeks information n health related issues.According to Healthy People 2010, (n. D. , overview), â€Å"Health communication encompasses the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health. â€Å"The dissemination of information can be done via public communication or in an organizational context. Public communication refers to, â€Å"presentations, speeches, and public addresses made by individuals on health-related topics†. (Morehouse, 1998, p. 4). Health communication in the organizational context refers to how administration or staff provides information in regard to healthcare.The use of communication for healthcare issues is important to many people in that it increases awareness of healthcare risks, benefits, availab ility and support systems. Public communication utilizes pamphlets, public service announcements, etc. , to alert persons to health issues which can â€Å"encourage healthy behaviors, create awareness, change attitudes, and motivate individuals to adopt recommended behaviors. â€Å"(Healthy people 2010, n. D. , overview). When communicating with patients the nurse needs to look at the overall picture of the patient. This is his or her values, beliefs, culture and knows the health literacy of the attain.The degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. When a patient understands his or her disease process it helps that individual make the right decisions regarding their healthcare. A nurse who is able to understand a patient's values, culture, beliefs, and incorporate them into the patients care builds a sense of trust between the patient and nurse. Communicating wi th other healthcare professionals also requires effective healthcare communication.Some nurses may not know their role responsibilities. As a charge nurse on the floor you can explain to that nurse what her role is. The charge nurse will need to be accurate in the information she provides, consistent, reliable in that the content is correct and up to date. When positive, caring relationships establish between patients and caregiver, patients report a greater ability to cope effectively with their illness and greater compliance with health care regiments. â€Å"(Morehouse &Northouse, 1998, up. 79-80). Patients fear the unknown.Being in a hospital can be scary if they do not know what is happening to them. A nurse who speaks to a patient regarding his plan of care and shows empathy will give that patient a sense that he or she cares. A patient who understands his disease process will be able to make sound decisions, discuss treatment with family and cope with the situation. According to Williwaw, (2007), â€Å"There are five elements in the process of communication; the sender, the receiver, the message, the medium and internal and external static. â€Å"A problem with any of these elements can distort the meaning of what is trying to be conveyed.

Foreign Literature Essay

Last night I was at the presentation of the Independent Foreign Fiction Prize, at the National Portrait Gallery, where a young Angolan writer, Josà © Eduardo Agualusa, was announced the 2007 winner for his novel The Book of Chameleons, translated from the Portuguese by Daniel Hahn. Set in contemporary Angola, the book is particularly notable for being narrated by a lizard. The judges this year were the poet David Constantine, writer and editor Jennie Erdal, Arts Council Literature officer Kate Griffin, novelist Ali Smith and the literary editor of the Independent, Boyd Tonkin. Admirably the prize is shared between the translator and author, thus honouring an art that often goes unsung. The book was evidently a popular choice and Agualusa received his award in person, accompanied by whoops and cheers. Tonkin extols the prize as â€Å"a unique bridge between writers abroad and readers at home†. As thrilled as I was that this talented newcomer beat such literary heavyweights as Ismail Kadare and Javier Marà ­as, however, I was even more delighted that the award honours a small literary publisher, Arcadia, who recently celebrated their 10th anniversary. The dedicated team at Arcadia are worthy recipients of this prestigious award, not just for bringing this imaginative young writer to an English readership, but overall for their championing of cultural diversity and for widening our literary choice – 50% of their 2007 lists are books in translation. Given the effects of globalisation elsewhere, it seems astonishing that we don’t translate more foreign literature in this country. Apparently, translated fiction accounts for only 3% of fiction sales in the UK, compared with 30-40% in France or Spain. The British are voracious readers, so why are we so insular? Don’t we welcome unusual voices and different perspectives? How can we exert pressure on publishers to produce more translated fiction? For those interested in foreign literature, an excellent resource is Words Without Borders, an online magazine dedicated to promoting international exchange through translation and publishing works/extracts on the web. And if you’d like to see Josà © Eduardo Agualusa and Daniel Hahn, they’ll be reading from The Book of Chameleons this evening at Foyles bookshop, London, 6.30pm – 8.30pm.

Patrol Rifles: Arming Officers to Succeed

PATROL RIFLES: ARMING OFFICERS TO SUCCEED Sergeant Scott Buziecki North Aurora Police Department A Research Paper Submitted to the Northwestern University Center for Public Safety School of Police Staff & Command Class #175 Naperville, Illinois December 9, 2002 Executive Summary The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or . 45 caliber pistols; no long guns are available. The Firearms Training Unit has proposed that the department adopt the . 223 caliber rifle for patrol officer use.The reasons for this proposal are: (1) pistols are inherently less accurate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rifles and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than . 223 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an increased risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while most . 223 caliber bul lets will. The objective of this research is to determine if the NAPD should adopt a long gun for patrol officer use or keep the current pistol-only program as it is.The types of weapons under consideration are pistol caliber rifles (9mm and . 45 caliber), shotguns (slugs and buckshot), and the . 223 caliber rifle. These weapons will be compared and contrasted with respect to accuracy & range, ease of use, wounding ability, and barrier penetration. Immediate Incapacitation Officers shoot to immediately achieve physiological incapacitation of a suspect who is threatening life. This means that the suspect is rendered physically incapable of continuing his or her life threatening behavior.This is done by (1) damaging or destroying the suspect’s central nervous system by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord, or (2) interrupting blood flow to the brain, to cause unconsciousness, through shooting the center mass of the suspect. Stopping blood flow to the brain is done by creatin g as much trauma and bleeding as possible. Some projectiles cause these effects better than others. Decisions on weapons, ammunition, and training should be made with the goal of immediate incapacitation in mind. Accuracy & Range Pistols are less accurate than rifles and shotguns due to their short sight radius.Their useful range is 25 yards or less. Shotguns have a range of about 30 yards with buckshot and about 50 yards with slugs. Pistol caliber rifles (9mm and . 45 caliber) have a useful range of about 50 yards. The best range and accuracy of all the choices is found in the . 223 caliber rifle. It is accurate to over 100 yards, even in the hands of average officers, the majority of the patrol workforce. Officers should be armed with a weapon capable of the longest range that they might reasonably need to engage with lethal force.The longest hallway at Jewel Middle School is about 180 feet or 60 yards. Compare this to the above listed weapons ranges. Other buildings, such as fact ories and warehouses are usually very large and would likely require long gun capability to adequately respond to an active shooter situation. Even though an active shooter here is unlikely, officers should still be prepared to respond to one. The weapon with the best accuracy and range is the . 223 caliber rifle, followed by pistol caliber rifles, shotguns, and pistols.Ease of use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle (either pistol caliber or rifle) is more comfortable for officers to shoot and be confident with, an important consideration for risk management. The shotgun is known for heavy recoil, something that makes controlling it difficult, especially for female officers and smaller male officers. Rifles, on the other hand, have a mild recoil. Because of this, its use is as easy for women as it is for men. If a weapon is uncomfortable for officers to shoot, it is not an effective weapon.With respect to ease of use, the best weapon is one that the majority of patrol officers can operate effectively, and in this case, rifles are easier to shoot than shotguns. Wounding ability Handgun bullets have minimal fragmentation and a very small temporary cavity, which causes very little or no additional wounding so their wounding effectiveness is determined simply by the size of the permanent cavity and the depth of penetration. Shotgun slugs produce very devastating wounds due to very high penetration and if that were the only factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best projectile would be a slug.Rifle bullets produce adequate penetration, larger temporary cavitation, and fragmentation, depending on the weight and design. The temporary cavity, acting on tissues already damaged by bullet fragments, causes additional trauma and bleeding. These elements combine to make . 223 bullets more severe than pistol bullets. Penetration tests illustrate that, in general, . 223 caliber bullets cause more severe trauma than pistol calibers. Barrier Penetration Pistol bullet s have been shown, through ballistic testing, to penetrate further after going through a common interior wall. This is also true for shotgun slugs and buckshot. 223 caliber bullets, on the other hand, have been shown to fragment more and penetrate less after going through an interior wall, thereby reducing the risk of a bystander being injured in an adjacent room. .223 caliber bullets also reliably penetrate body armor, while pistol bullets and shotgun ammunition do not. This would be vitally important if officers must face violent criminals wearing body armor, such as during the 1997 Hollywood bank robbery shootout. Long Gun Survey Of 21 suburban Chicago area agencies surveyed, every one allows patrol officers to carry a long gun (100%).While it is not surprising that some are carrying shotguns, it is a little surprising to find that the majority of departments surveyed (71%) are actually carrying rifles. In fact, several agencies carry both a shotgun and a rifle or give officers t heir choice of either weapon. Of those that carry rifles, the majority (80%) uses . 223-caliber ammunition. Conclusion Handguns are inadequate for some situations because of their limited effective range, limited accuracy, lesser wounding ability, and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls. 223 caliber rifles have less recoil, better accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more favorable interior wall penetration, and the ability to penetrate body armor. Since patrol officers are the first to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however infrequent they may be, law enforcement agencies should arm them with a long gun of some kind. Anything less and they will not be adequately prepared to respond. Having adequate weapons will increase the chances that responding officers can reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. Recommendations The North Aurora Police Department should adopt . 23-caliber ammunition for patrol rifle use. Further investig ation of specific . 223 rounds in various weights and configurations should be done to precisely determine each round’s performance for various uses. Based on anecdotal information from firearms trainers, the Department should select one round for barrier penetration (when this is desired) and one for close quarters use (when interior penetration is not desired). More focused research and/or ballistic testing will help determine the specific cartridges. In addition, the FBI’s ammunition testing data will be of some help as well.Submitted to Chief Thomas Fetzer Sergeant Scott Buziecki North Aurora Police Department The Village of North Aurora, a community of about 12,500 residents, is not a violent community; in fact, the North Aurora Police Department considers itself â€Å"service† oriented. Still, the citizens expect the police to be able to protect lives, our most important service. Currently, officers of the North Aurora Police Department are armed with only a sidearm, their choice of a 9mm or . 45-caliber semi-automatic pistol. There is no supplemental weapon available, such as a shotgun or rifle.Even though officers in North Aurora are rarely called upon to face armed, violent offenders, it could happen at any moment. Since the Columbine massacre of 1999, police agencies have begun training their patrol officers in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations and other critical incidents. The NAPD has done this as well. However, while many other police agencies, both large and small, carry side arms and long guns, the North Aurora Police Department is only prepared to respond to these incidents with handguns, a significant tactical disadvantage.Columbine was the law enforcement community’s wake up call and there is no longer any excuse not to be prepared. This does not mean that every agency should field a SWAT team. Patrol officers are the backbone of every police department and the first to respond to every call . They should have the tools and training to handle any reasonably predictable incident. Even though they are rare in North Aurora, incidents of violence are not confined to any particular jurisdiction size or socioeconomic class, so it could happen anywhere.During the North Hollywood bank robbery shootout in Los Angeles, California in 1997, heavily armed offenders wearing several layers of body armor outgunned responding patrol officers for 45 minutes. Since this incident, police agencies across the nation began arming their patrol officers with rifles. On Halloween 2002 in St. Charles, a man fired several shots through his apartment door at children trick or treating. Patrol officers were the first to respond to these incidents and they handled at least the first several minutes until relieved by better-equipped personnel.What would have happened if the armed suspect confronted the police? What would have happened if that happened in North Aurora, where sidearms are the only weapo ns available to officers? While North Aurora has been blessed by being relatively violence-free, it is not immune to violence. There is nothing to indicate that any of those incidents could not have happened in North Aurora. Police administrators are responsible for ensuring that their agencies are prepared to respond to life threatening emergencies. This means adequately equipping and training personnel to meet challenges that could reasonably be expected.If it is predictable, then it is preventable. PROBLEM STATEMENT The North Aurora Police Department currently allows officers to carry their choice of 9mm or . 45 caliber pistols. No long guns are currently authorized for use. Members of NAPD’s Firearms Training Unit have suggested that the pistol is inadequate for all situations and that a long gun should be adopted. The deficiencies in the current pistol-only program are: (1) pistols are inherently less accurate and have a shorter effective range than long guns such as rif les and shotguns, (2) pistol caliber bullets penetrate more heavily through interior walls than . 23 rifle caliber bullets, which causes an increased risk of unintended persons being hit, and (3) pistol caliber bullets will not penetrate body armor and many other obstacles commonly encountered, while most . 223 caliber bullets will. The primary issue is to evaluate whether or not a supplementary long gun is necessary for patrol officer use in the North Aurora Police Department. If a long gun is needed, what is the best type to choose: a . 223 caliber rifle, a pistol caliber rifle (9mm or . 45 cal. ), or a shotgun (buckshot or slugs)? ACHIEVING IMMEDIATE INCAPACITATIONAccording to the law, a police officer can only shoot in defense of his or her own life or that of another—to immediately stop the life threatening behavior of the suspect. Police officers shoot to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation—defined as â€Å"the sudden physical or mental inability to p ose any further risk of injury to others. † (Patrick). If not physiologically incapacitated, the suspect is still able to continue life-threatening behavior. In some cases, a hit to a suspect’s arm or leg might obtain psychological incapacitation, where the suspect voluntarily stops fighting due to the ‘shock’ of being shot.In this type of case, the suspect is still physically able to continue the fight, but chooses to surrender. Psychological incapacitation is very unreliable, since it varies greatly from person to person without regard to a particular cartridge. (Roberts 17) Therefore, we must strive to achieve immediate physiological incapacitation to stop life threatening behavior. Decisions on weapons, ammunition, and training should be made with this goal in mind. There are only two ways to cause immediate physiological incapacitation.The first is to damage or destroy the Central Nervous System, by shooting the brain or upper spinal cord. In order to damage or destroy the CNS, officers are taught that a hit in the triangle between the eyes and nose is most likely to succeed. Hits outside that area have a higher chance of hitting bone at an angle and can actually fail to penetrate, bouncing off. Or they can hit a part of the brain that will not incapacitate the suspect. â€Å" . . . individuals can perform tasks or even survive gunshot wounds of the brain—especially if they involve the frontal lobes.In documented cases of suicide, an individual has fired a bullet through the frontal lobes, to be followed by a second fatal shot into the basal ganglia. † (DiMaio 210) The author once responded to a shooting where the victim was shot at close range in the side of the head with a . 25 caliber bullet at an angle and the bullet bounced off his skull. He suffered only a minor flesh wound. Shooting the brain or spinal cord usually causes death or permanent disability so it is usually done only as a last resort to prevent imm inent great bodily harm.The second way to cause immediate physiological incapacitation is to interrupt blood flow to the suspect’s brain, which causes unconsciousness. The best way to do this quickly is to cause heavy bleeding by shooting vital organs or blood arteries and vessels. The faster the suspect bleeds, the faster blood flow to the brain will stop and the sooner that unconsciousness will occur. Since the highest concentration of vital organs and blood vessels is located in the chest and abdomen of the human body, officers are taught to shoot at that area, called the center of mass.Shooting at the center of mass also increases the likelihood of getting a hit, since it is the largest part of the human body. Shooting an arm or leg to wound, as some might suggest police should do, is not likely to cause physiological incapacitation. Physiological incapacitation takes a minimum of 10-15 seconds to occur because even when shot directly through the heart, the suspectâ€℠¢s brain and muscles still have a small supply of oxygen and can function until it is exhausted. The limiting factor for consciousness is the oxygen supply to the brain.When the oxygen in the brain is consumed, unconsciousness occurs. Experiments have shown that an individual can remain conscious for at least 10-15 seconds after complete occlusion of the carotid arteries. Thus, if no blood is pumped to the brain, an individual can function, e. g. , run, for at least 10 sec before collapsing. (DiMaio 210) Put simply, the best bullets are the ones that cause physiological incapacitation the quickest. By measuring several factors of projectile wounding, the most appropriate type of round(s) can be selected for the various types of applications.There are four factors of projectile wounding: (1) Depth of penetration, (2) Permanent cavity, (3) Temporary cavity, and (4) Fragmentation. Depth of penetration is the amount of tissue that the bullet passes through and destroys, which is importa nt because in order to cause physiological incapacitation, the projectile must make it deep enough to damage vital organs and blood vessels. (Patrick) The permanent cavity is the hole left by the bullet’s path through the body. (Patrick) As it passes though, tissue is crushed and bleeding occurs.The bigger the hole, the more tissue that is damaged, the more bleeding that will occur. The temporary cavity is the tissue surrounding the permanent cavity that stretches away from the bullet as it passes through the body. (Patrick) This is a little like what happens when a rock is thrown into water. The impact of the rock initially moves the water out of the way, causing a temporary hole in the water. The water quickly moves back and fills the hole. The amount of damage caused by this effect varies greatly based (generally) on the velocity of the bullet and the elasticity of the tissue.Anatomical structures such as blood vessels, muscles, lungs, and bowels are able to survive signif icant stretching with a minimum amount of damage but inelastic tissues will sustain significant damage because of the temporary cavity stretching. (Patrick) â€Å"Inelastic tissues such as the liver, kidney, spleen, pancreas, brain, and completely full fluid or gas filled hollow organs, such as the bladder, are highly susceptible to severe permanent splitting, tearing, and rupture due to temporary cavitation insults. † (Roberts 18) Fragmentation is the breakup of the bullet. Patrick) Fragments of the bullet can spread out wider than the permanent cavity, causing multiple, smaller permanent cavities and bleeding as they pass though tissue. â€Å"Projectile fragmentation in tissue can also greatly increase the perma- nent cavity size. When a bullet fragments in tissue, each of the multiple fragments spreads out radially from the main wound track, cutting its own path through tissue. † (Roberts 20) Fragmentation also increases the chances that the bullet will remain in th e body, thereby, reducing the chances that an innocent bystander will be seriously injured by a bullet that passes through the target’s body.The extent of injuries caused by a bullet depend, in part, on how well the bullet produces the four listed wounding components and how well they compliment each other. Temporary cavity and fragmentation, under the right conditions, can complement each other because the bullet fragments can weaken surrounding tissue, which can then be detached by the temporary cavity, in effect creating a larger permanent cavity with additional trauma and bleeding. â€Å"It is the synergy of the temporary cavity acting on tissue that has already been riddled with bullet fragments that produces the increased permanent cavity . . . (Fackler 27) Therefore, the temporary cavity is reliant on the velocity of the bullet, where in the body it hits, and what the bullet does inside the body. According the Federal Bureau of Investigation, depth of penetration and permanent cavity are considered the most important of the wounding components, especially for pistol ammunition. The FBI recommends penetration of at least 12 inches to ensure this damage. (Patrick) Pistol ammunition involves a very small temporary cavity and very little fragmentation. However, the component that most affects the severity of a gunshot wound is the size of the temporary cavity.Due to their very high velocities and high kinetic energies, rifles can produce very severe wounds. (DiMaio 142) As stated earlier, the more trauma and bleeding caused, the more likely physiological incapacitation will occur. IS A LONG GUN NECESSARY? Before considering whether a supplementary long gun is necessary, we must first compare and contrast pistols and long guns. The greatest strength of pistols is that they are always readily accessible, while their weakness is their limited accuracy and short useful range. Long guns, however, have increased accuracy and longer range than handguns.The ir weakness is limited accessibility in unexpected situations. However, some policy makers, in spite of the evidence, will still be concerned about liability. â€Å"Liability issues should not be the main focus of whether rifle/carbines are permitted to be carried by officers. Public safety and officer survival should be the prime consideration. † (Chudwin 15) Since public safety and officer survival are the focus, the differences of pistols and long guns in accessibility, accuracy, and range will be shown. In addition, results of a long gun survey as well as some views opposed to patrol rifles will be presented.Accessibility The greatest strength of pistols is that they readily available. They are best suited for use at close range (under 25 yards) in situations in which an unexpected threat confronts officers. â€Å"When faced with a non-anticipated life-threatening situation, a peace officer is best armed with the firearm of convenience, a handgun . . . .† (Bollig 2 4) The National Tactical Officers Association, in its Tactical Team Weapon Selection position paper agrees: â€Å"It is recommended by the Association that members tasked with entering high-risk areas be adequately armed with a shoulder-fired weapon . . . Handguns are to be carried as ‘secondary’ or ‘back up’ weapons and not as primary entry weapons. † (â€Å"Tactical Team Weapons Selection† 5-6) Special Agent Urey Patrick, of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, agrees: A review of law enforcement shootings clearly suggests that regardless of the number of rounds fired in a shooting, most of the time only one or two solid torso hits on the adversary can be expected. This expectation is realistic because of the nature of shooting incidents and the extreme difficulty of shooting a handgun with precision under such dire conditions.The probability of multiple hits with a handgun is not high. Experienced officers implicitly recognize that fact, an d when potential violence is reasonably expected, their preparations are characterized by obtaining as many shoulder weapons as possible. Since most shootings are not anticipated, the officer involved cannot be prepared in advance with heavier armament. As a corollary tactical principle, no law enforcement officer should ever plan to meet an expected attack armed with only a handgun. Patrick) The most general description of a situation where a pistol is inadequate and a long gun would be preferred is one where officers reasonably believe that lethal force might be necessary. Accuracy Pistols are inherently less accurate than long guns. â€Å"The . 223 has advantages relative to a handgun, partly by creating greater wound trauma, but primarily through greater accuracy of fire and the associated extension of effective range. † (MacPherson 30) At the practice range, missed shots are caused by the failure of the shooter to align the sights at the moment the trigger breaks and the bullet leaves the barrel.In real life, where both the shooter and the target are usually moving, missed shots are very common. In a study of 19 officer-involved shootings the Joliet, Illinois Police Department found that officers, using various types of firearms, missed their intended target 71 percent of the time. (Kerr and Wilkerson 10) Pistols are imprecise for two main reasons. The first reason is simply the distance between the front and rear sights. Pistols have a short sight radius, while long guns have a much greater distance between the sights. The greater the sight radius, the greater the accuracy will be.The second reason for pistols limited accuracy when compared to long guns is the stability (or instability) of the way that pistols and long guns are held. Most officers use a two-hand hold when firing a pistol, while a long gun allows a four-point hold—both hands, cheek, and shoulder. (Lesce 28) With a two handed pistol hold, misalignment of the sights from the e ye of the shooter happens with only a slight movement of the wrist or a lowering of the arms, which is very easy to do in a gunfight. This misalignment is possible because of the short sight radius and the unanchored hold.Any misalignment of the sights translates to a missed shot. In order to break the eye-rear sight-front sight alignment using a long gun, an officer would have to hold the weapon incorrectly. The superior range of long guns is closely related to greater effective range than pistols. Effective Range In contrast with the performance of handguns, long guns offer greater range. The useful range of a pistol is 25 yards or less. For some officers the ideal pistol range may be only as far as 15 yards. When used with buckshot, a shotgun’s maximum useful range is around 30 y ards.With slugs, the maximum range for the average officer is no more than 50 yards, while a rifle, on the other hand, is best for intermediate ranges (up to 100 yards). (Fairburn 39) Sniper rifle s, of course, are useful for longer ranges but patrol officers would not have a need for such longrange accuracy. Armed with a patrol rifle, an officer can control a 100 yard radius which â€Å" . . . allows fewer officers to control a given area and still deliver far more close-range precision than that offered by a sidearm or a shotgun. † (Fairburn 59)Specifically, long guns would be advantageous to deploy in the following types of situations: hostage situations, barricaded subjects, felony stops, perimeter containment, confronting armed criminals wearing body armor, tactical entries on search and arrest warrants, and crimes involving weapons. Their advantages in accuracy and range increase the tactical advantage for responding officers, allowing them to be farther away behind better cover. Long Guns Used SPSC 175 Shotguns 29% Long Gun Survey A number of area police agencies currently use long weapons of some kind or another and many have replaced their shotguns with patrol rifles.Of 21 agencies surveyed, every one allows patrol officers to carry a long gun (100%). Of those, seven (33. 3%) carry only rifles, eight (38. 1%) carry rifles and shotguns or the officer’s choice, and six (28. 6%) carry only shotguns. Therefore, 71. 4% of the agencies surveyed allow patrol officers to carry rifles and 28. 6% carry only shotguns. See pie chart in figure 1. Of the fourteen departments that allow rifles, eleven of them (78. 6%) use . 223-caliber ammunition Only three of fourteen, (21. 4%) use 9mm ammunition. Class survey) While this survey is not scientific, it certain demonstrates that long guns are the norm and patrol rifles are not a revolutionary idea. Rifles 71% Figure 1 Opposing Views Even though a number of departments have switched or are switching to the use of rifles by patrol officers, there are opposing viewpoints. One view says that if police are armed with more firepower, they will feel pressure to use them. â€Å"‘It’s courtin g trouble,’ said Tom Diaz of the Violence Policy Center, a Washington-based non-profit research group that studies the effects of violence. ‘The average cop never has the occasion to use his gun,’ Diaz said. So if this kind of firepower is available, there is an implicit pressure to use it. Yet the average officer often lacks the training and experience. ’† (Vogt 8) Some of the LAPD officers involved in the 45 minute long North Hollywood bank robbery shootout probably had never used their guns in the line of duty before and they clearly needed a more powerful weapon that day. While events like this are not likely in North Aurora (or anywhere for that matter), patrol officers should be reasonably prepared to respond Another viewpoint says that community policing and more firepower do not mix. â€Å"Particularly problematic . . . s that while the federal government is arming police departments, it is also promoting a softer, gentler approach to law en forcement with the Community Oriented Policing program. † (Elbow 5A) Community policing is based on officers responding to the problems and concerns of the community, along with the community members. If an armed offender is endangering the community, the community wants the police to come prepared to put an end to it. Is the community going to care what the weapon looks as long as it helps the police conclude the incident safely? Will they be upset if an innocent bystander is hurt by a rifle or shotgun?Of course they will, but this would also be the case if a bystander were hurt by an officer armed with only a pistol. Finally, this opposing viewpoint agrees that more heavily armed suspects are a problem for the police. He says that arming police with such weapons is not a good idea and offers no better way to deal with the problem. It takes little imagination to guess the difficulties this poses for the police in the future. Shootouts with criminals equipped with handguns are dangerous. Facing adversaries armed with military assault rifles substantially increases the risk to both police and innocent citizens . . . Increasing police weaponry is really not a sound solution to the problem. In a gun battle, the police are usually not in a position to unleash the fury of an automatic weapon at an armed opponent. Most gun battles take place in an urban setting. Firing off a clip of ammunition in the direction will, sooner or later, result in the killing of an innocent bystander. The police are therefore limited in their ability to respond to sophisticated weaponry. (Holden 341) Mr. Holden agrees that heavily armed criminals pose a great risk to police and civilians and he is right about that. His point that the police are not n a position to use an automatic weapon misses the point. First, very few departments, if any, are actually arming patrol officers with fully automatic rifles. Rather, they are semi-automatic rifles, which fire one round at a time with e ach trigger pull. In unexpected confrontations with armed offenders, his point is accurate, because they cannot call timeout to get their rifle. However, the value of having patrol officers armed with rifles is that when they are responding to a situation where they can reasonably expect an armed offender, they can have the rifle in their hand when they exit their patrol car (with an interior mounted rack. This is no slower than drawing their pistol from its holster. Finally, Mr. Holden refers to a magazine, the container that holds the cartridges, as a ‘clip. ’ If he does not even know what the name of the part, how knowledgeable is he and how intensive was peer review of his book? The above opinions expressed against arming patrol officers seem either misinformed or based on something other than facts and tactical principles. Is a long gun a necessary piece of equipment for a patrol officer to carry? The answer is an emphatic ABSOLUTELY. Without long guns, officers wi ll be nearly tactically helpless beyond 25 yards.WHAT TYPE OF LONG GUN IS BEST SUITED FOR PATROL USE? Many agencies are concerned about liability and rightly so. However, choosing the wrong tools and training for the job seems more at risk for incurring liability than doing careful research and then selecting the best solution. It is a far greater liability risk to fail to give officers the tools & skills they need to survive and succeed. â€Å"The key case of City of Canton v. Harris (1989) identifies ‘deliberate indifference’ toward civil rights on the part of city policy makers as the mental state needed to subject a municipality to Section 1983 liability.Recall here that deliberate indifference is akin to recklessness in the disregard of risk to others. † (Mijares et. al 36) In other words, to be aware of a risk and fail to prepare for it can create civil rights liability. Which type of weapon (and what cartridge) is best ultimately depends on the needs of ea ch particular agency, but weapons that are easy for officers to operate will be the best choice. The primary choice each agency must make is first, to decide the caliber and second, to decide the configuration (i. e. full metal jacket, hollow point, etc. ) and in what situations each type will be used.Then they should select the weapon to use with the ammunition. First, some ammunition-related definitions, since these terms and abbreviations are used throughout this discussion: †¢ Full metal jacket (FMJ): This bullet has a metal jacket surrounding the lead or steel core, to prevent it from expanding on impact. The FMJ is the bullet configuration used by the military. (DiMaio 143) †¢ Jacketed soft point (JSP): Unlike the full metal-jacketed bullet, a metal jacket partially covers the soft point bullet. The core is exposed at the tip, which helps the bullet expand upon impact.Soft point bullets are usually used for hunting. (DiMaio 143) †¢ Jacketed hollow point (JHP): L ike the soft point bullet, the hollow point bullet has a metal jacket partially covering it. However, the exposed tip is hollow, which encourages expansion upon impact. Hollow point bullets are usually used for hunting and shooting competitions. (DiMaio 144) Hollow point bullets are the official bullets of the NAPD. The three different types of ammunition under consideration are (1) Pistol Calibers (9mm and . 45 calibers), (2) Shotgun (both buckshot and slugs), and (3) Rifle Calibers (. 23 caliber). 9mm and . 45 caliber bullets are being considered because these are the currently issued duty ammunition for the North Aurora Police Department. Shotgun slugs and buckshot are being considered because they have always been the standard second weapon of law enforcement. Finally, . 223 caliber bullets are being considered because they seem to be the most popular rifle round that agencies select. .308 caliber bullets are not being considered because they are generally considered too powerfu l for patrol use. They are most commonly used by police snipers.Deciding what caliber to use requires some knowledge about the wounding mechanics of each of the major choices for long guns. Comparisons will be made between shotguns, pistol caliber rifles, and . 223 caliber rifles in the areas of ease of use, accuracy and range, wounding ability, interior wall penetration and body armor penetration. Ease of Use Compared with the shotgun, the rifle is more comfortable for officers to shoot and be confident with, an important consideration for risk management. While this is not an advantage over pistol caliber rifles, it is huge advantage over shotguns.The shotgun is a difficult gun to master. Its recoil is excessive for many small-statured officers and at least bothersome to even the biggest, strongest men. This recoil hampers precise placement of slugs as well as limiting the practice many need to be effective with shot. . . . The shotgun, despite its long history of use in the Unite d States, is not an ideal second weapon for police agencies (Fairburn 39) If officers are not comfortable with a weapon, they will not practice as well and their handling of the weapon during real-life situations will be tentative. This becomes a liability issue.As police agencies become more sensitive to the liability aspects of police firearms training, specifically the lack of such training, the rifle or carbine becomes more attractive. Officers are more comfortable with a rifle since it allows more precision and metes out less abuse. The comfort factor promotes increased training and familiarity, which in turn, increases confidence. And being confident with one’s weapon is the secret to effective use. (Fairburn 39) Would you want officers, armed with a weapon that they do not feel comfortable with, to respond to a life-threatening situation?Due to the excessive recoil, training is limited because the body can only take so much. With limited training comes limited confiden ce and limited familiarity. These are not acceptable qualities of a weapon for law enforcement. In contrast with shotguns, the rifle’s low recoil makes it as easy to master for women as it is for men. The . 223 cartridge offers a milder recoil than shotguns and full size rifle cartridges because it is an intermediate sized cartridge. This is important for training female and smaller male officers. Parker 3-4) â€Å"It is my experience that training officers to effectively use the rifle/carbine is easier due to the shoulder mounted stability, low recoil, and long sight radius. † (Chudwin 17) Once an officer is taught the proper way to hold the rifle, getting accurate hits is as simple as lining up the sights with the target and making a smooth trigger pull. Accuracy & Range Long gun accuracy, from least accurate to most accurate, is the shotgun, the pistol caliber rifle, and the . 223 caliber rifle. Slugs and buckshot are the least accurate of all three types of long gu n ammunition under consideration.When used by the average officer, the shotgun has a useful range of around 30 yards with buckshot and about 50 yards with slugs. Buckshot is terribly imprecise since the pellets spray outward after they leave the barrel. They spread wider the farther they travel, which is why the range is so limited. (Fairburn 39) While the best officers might be able to hit a suspect farther than 50 yards away with a shotgun with good quality sights, average officers are not capable of this, and they represent a much larger percentage of the patrol workforce.The accurate range of a pistol caliber rifle may be no more than 50 yards, although a patrol rifle should be capable of accurate head shots at 50 yards and accurate body shots at 100 yards (or more). (Fairburn 59) In comparison, a rifle caliber weapon, in the hands of an average officer, is capable of accurate shots to a range of at least 100 yards, if not more. (â€Å"Tactical Team Weapons Selection† 2) Well-trained officers might be capable of distances greater than that but probably would not be much need for a shot to be taken at those ranges.The most accurate long gun, of those under consideration, that you can arm a patrol officer with is rifle chambered in an intermediate rifle cartridge, such as the . 223. Critics might suggest that the range of the . 223 caliber bullet makes missed shots too dangerous because they will travel a very great distance, increasing the chances for an innocent bystander to be struck. However, Chief Jeff Chudwin, of the Olympia Fields Police Department and a police rifle instructor, points out that the maximum range (with optimum barrel angle) of the . 223 (8,300 ft. ) is similar to that of the 9mm (6,800 ft. and the . 357 magnum (7,100 ft. ). The 12 ga. 1 oz. Slug, which weighs considerably more than the others do, travels only 1,830 feet. â€Å"Any stray round is a hazard and it is illogical to claim one type of firearm is more or less dangerous than another based only the maximum range of the round. The key issue is, what is the penetration and ricochet potential of the bullet type and caliber in a residential area? † (16) Wounding Ability The FBI recommends projectile penetration of at least 12 inches in order to ensure that the projectile gets deep enough to damage vital organs and large blood vessels. Patrick) Dr. Martin Fackler, a world-renowned ballistic expert, believes that in order for the . 223 bullet to cause adequate tissue damage, it must produce a 14-15 cm temporary cavity along with bullet fragmentation of 30-50%. (27) In terms of terminal wound ballistics (the study of what projectiles do after they hit something), there is no more devastating projectile than a shotgun slug. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot into bare gelatin conducted by Dr. Gary Roberts, a 12-gauge 1- ounce shotgun slug had an average penetration of 26. inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 13. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buc kshot had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches. Maximum temporary cavity was not measured for this round. A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 13. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 5. 5 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 14. 2 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 6. 5 cm. The shotgun slugs and pistol bullets did not fragment in the testing.The . 223 bullets (various weights and configurations) tested had varied performance depending on the grain weight and the configuration of the round. The average penetration ranged from 6. 1 inches to 16. 8 inches, while the average maximum temporary cavity ranged from as small as 7 cm to as large as 14 cm. The . 223 bullets fragmentation ranged from as little as 2. 4% to as high as 100%. (28) In contrast with rifle bullets, handgun bullets cause a much smaller temporary cavity, which does not usually add wounding effectiveness. Roberts & Bullian 143) Part of this is because rifle rounds travel close to 3,000 feet per second and pistol bullets travel around 1,000 fps, depending on the caliber. (Roberts 28) All handgun wounds will combine the components of penetration, permanent cavity, and temporary cavity to a greater or lesser degree. Fragmentation, on the other hand, does not reliably occur in handgun wounds due to the relatively low velocities of handgun bullets. Fragmentation occurs reliably in high velocity projectile ounds (impact velocity in excess of 2000 feet per second) inflicted by soft or hollow point bullets. In such a case, the permanent cavity is stretched so far, and so fast, that tearing and rupturing can occur in tissues surrounding the wound channel which were weakened by fragmentation damage. It can significantly increase damage in rifle bullet wounds. (Patrick) The high velocity of rifle bullets, when rapidly slowed by the body, causes the tearing and rupturing associated with the temporary cavity, especially when combined with fragmentation.Research by the military has revealed that the feature of a bullet’s interaction with soft tissue that contributes most to the severity and extent of the wound is the size of the temporary wound cavity. The size of this cavity is directly related to the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the tissue. Rifle bullets, by virtue of high velocities, possess considerably more kinetic energy than pistol bullets. The severity and extent of a wound, however, are determined not by the amount of kinetic energy possessed by the bullet but rather by the amount of this kinetic energy that is lost in the tissue.The major determinants of the amount of kinetic energy lost by a bullet in the body are (1) the kinetic energy possessed by the bullet at the time of impact with the body, (2) the shape of the bullet, (3) the angle of yaw at the time of impact, (4) any change in the presented area of the bulle t in its passage through the body, (5) construction of the bullet, and (6) the biological characteristics of the tissues through which the bullet passes. (DiMaio 142) Pistol bullets, unlike rifle bullets, have insufficient velocity to cause fragmentation. DiMaio 47) â€Å"Individuals shot with high-velocity rifle bullets, whether full metal-jacketed military rounds or soft-point hunting rounds, show more severe wounds than people wounded by pistol bullets. This is especially true of [rifle] hunting ammunition. It is also true that [rifle] hunting ammunition, because it is soft-point, does fragment in the body. † (DiMaio 311) If the pistol bullets do fragment, the fragments stay very near the permanent cavity (within 1 cm), essentially reducing wounding effectiveness since the smaller main bullet will cut a smaller permanent cavity. Roberts 20) Rifle bullets break up easier than pistol bullets due to their small size and weight and the increased stress caused by the high veloc ity. To summarize, with handgun bullets there is essentially no fragmentation and a very small temporary cavity, which causes very little or no additional wounding so wounding effectiveness is determined simply by the size of the permanent cavity and the depth of penetration. Therefore, by going with a pistol caliber rifle, an agency does not really gain anything but better accuracy over a handgun.Shotgun slugs produce devastating wounds due to very high penetration and if that were the only factor in choosing the appropriate round, the best projectile would be a slug. But the fact is that pistol bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot have a tendency to penetrate more than rifle bullets. Rifle bullets can produce adequate penetration, temporary cavitation, and fragmentation, so by selecting a rifle, an agency gains range, accuracy, and wounding ef- fectiveness over pistols & shotguns. While Dr.Roberts’ test results are not conclusive enough select one specific cartridge (due to the limited number tested), they do demonstrate better overall performance by the . 223 caliber cartridge than pistol calibers cartridges and shotgun slugs and buckshot. Examination of more test results are needed to specify an exact cartridge for duty use. Acceptable wounding performance of the . 223 bullet is based, at least partly, on its velocity and the type of weapon (length of barrel) used. â€Å"5. 56mm/. 223 weapons require a minimum barrel length of 14. inches to optimize incapacitation potential, as 5. 56mm/. 223 weapons with barrel lengths shorter than 14. 5 inches . . . exhibit significantly decreased wounding effects and limited incapacitation potentials, similar to those produced by the 9mm pistol bullets used in handguns and SMG’s [submachine guns]. † (Roberts 24) In order to ensure fragmentation and effective wounding ability, weapons used should have a long enough barrel length to produce muzzle velocities above 2,500 feet per second.Examples of we apons that meet this criterion are the Colt M-16/AR-15 and M-4/CAR-15, H&K G41 and HK33, and the Ruger Mini-14. (Roberts & Bullian 145) While recommending a specific weapon and specific ammunition is outside the scope of this paper, it is important to keep these factors in mind when making selections. Barrier Penetration While deep penetration in soft body tissue is desirable for wounding effectiveness (immediate physiological incapacitation), there must be a balance of enough penetration without too much.Since the selected shoulder-mounted weapon will undoubtedly be used in close quarters, such as during a high risk raid or near residences, police must try to prevent missed shots from over penetrating and striking an innocent bystander in an adjacent room or on an adjacent floor. While some police administrators select pistol calibers for their rifles to reduce the perceived over penetration liability risk with rifle calibers, there is actually an increased liability with pistol ca libers when used inside structures.Handgun bullets, including rounds similar to NAPD’s duty rounds, have been shown to penetrate further through common building materials than do rifle bullets. â€Å"The fragmenting behavior of most 5. 56mm (. 223) bullets in both soft tissue and building materials, drastically limits their over penetration potential compared with that of many pistol bullets. † (Roberts & Bullian 145) â€Å"As suspected based on previous testing, all of the 9mm 147 gr JHP, . 40 S&W 180 gr JHP, and . 45 ACP 230 gr JHP bullets failed to expand and had very deep, excessive penetration after passing through the interior wall, due to plugging of the hollow point.With the hollow point plugged, the bullets performed nearly identical to FMJ pistol bullets† (Roberts 23) The NAPD issues Speer brand jacketed hollow point (JHP) ammunition in both 9mm 145 grain and . 45 ACP 230 grain. In tests of hollow point projectiles shot through a simulated interior wal l into bare gelatin, a 1-ounce shotgun slug had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches and average maximum temporary cavity of 14. 0 cm. 12 gauge 00 buckshot had an average penetration of 23. 2 inches. Average maximum temporary cavity was not measured.A 9mm 147gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 22. 8 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 2. 0 cm. A . 45 cal 230gr JHP bullet (similar to an NAPD issued round) had an average penetration of 29. 7 inches and an average maximum temporary cavity of 3. 0 cm. (Roberts 28) In these tests, all projectiles had more penetration into gelatin (a simulation of the consistency of human soft tissue) after having penetrated a common interior wall than without penetrating a wall.As stated above, the drywall plugs the hollow point, causing it to function like a full metal jacket bullet. The . 223 bullets tested (various weights and configurations), on the other hand, had less penetration gelatin int o after Interior Wall Penetration (Roberts 28) .223 Fed 55 gr. JSP . 223 Win 55 gr. FMJ . 45 cal. Win 230 gr. JHP 12 ga. Rem shotgun 1 oz. slug HPRS 12 ga. Rem 00 buckshot 9mm Fed 147 gr. JHP 0 Figure 2 penet rating the wall. interior Their 14. 4 16. 1 29. 7 22. 8 23. 2 22. 8 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 average maximum penetration from ranged 10. 6 inches to 16. 1 inches, their Avg.Penetration in Inches average maxi- mum temporary cavity ranged from 7. 0 cm to 14. 0 cm, and their fragmentation ranged from 11. 8% to 79. 5%. See figure 2. While some rounds still have sufficient penetration to cause a serious wound after penetrating an interior wall, their penetration is clearly less than that of the pistol calibers. (Roberts 28) The FBI has done extensive testing on the terminal ballistics of all kinds of bullets, however, they will not allow law enforcement agencies to share these statistics outside of their own agency. This is the reason why FBI testing is not cited here.While their bare ge latin testing results will be helpful for a future internal study of ammunition, their penetration tests may not be helpful. â€Å"Unfortunately, the testing and evaluation criteria are exactly backwards relative to law enforcement use in gunfight scenarios; the testing and assessment was designed to find ammunition that would produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating housing barriers. † (MacPherson 32) The ideal round would be one that produces incapacitating wounds when striking the intended target but would not produce substantial wound trauma after penetrating walls. . . . stray 5. 56mm/. 23 bullets seem to offer a reduced risk of injuring innocent bystanders and an inherent reduced risk of civil litigation in situations where bullets miss their intended target and enter or exit structures. 5. 56mm/. 223 caliber weapons may be safer to use in CQB situations and in crowded urban environments than 9mm, . 45 S&W, or 12 ga. weapons. (Roberts 24) In another test condu cted by the Joliet and Crest Hill, Illinois police departments, pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs and buckshot were found to stay intact after penetrating two residential walls (four pieces of drywall), while many . 223 rounds fragmented significantly.Pistol ammunition, shotgun slugs, and buckshot represent â€Å"a greater threat to citizenry and other officers than does several of the . 223 rounds tested. † (Kerr and Wilkinson 14) More testing is needed in this area to be able to select a specific round, but it is clear that pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs fired inside a structure during a raid, for example, penetrate more than . 223 caliber bullets. Body Armor Penetration Unlike pistol bullets, shotgun slugs, and buckshot, rifle bullets penetrate soft body armor, which is very important if officers have to confront violent offenders wearing body armor.Recall that the suspects in the LA bank robbery shootout wore body armor. In testing published in Journal of Interna tional Wound Ballistics Association, 9mm, . 40 S&W, and . 45 ACP bullets plus the 12 gauge 00 buckshot pellets failed to penetrate the body armor. The shotgun slugs did penetrate some, but not all, layers of the body armor. While they did push the armor panels into the gela- tin, simulating blunt trauma injuries, the body armor did stop the slug from entering the body in every case. Unlike the pistol calibers and shotgun slugs, all . 23 bullets defeated the body armor. (Roberts 24) â€Å"As law enforcement officers increasingly confront criminals protected by soft body armor designed to defeat pistol bullets and shotgun pellets, the ability of the 5. 56mm/. 223 bullets to defeat soft body armor has become a significant factor. † (Roberts 16) To summarize, of the three types of weapons under consideration, the . 223 caliber rifle is by far the most accurate. Because of this, its effective range is also superior to the other choices. In the area of wounding effectiveness, the . 23 caliber is, again, superior to the pistol calibers. The shotgun, at close ranges, is probably the most devastating firearm that there is. But pistol calibers and shotguns penetrate more through common building materials than the . 223 caliber bullet, which increases the chance that an innocent bystander could be seriously hurt by a missed round that penetrates a wall. Moreover, pistol caliber bullets and shotgun slugs and buckshot will not penetrate body armor, while . 223 caliber bullets will.Conclusion Since patrol officers are the first to respond to any life threatening criminal incident, however infrequent they may be, law enforcement agencies should arm them with a long gun of some kind. Anything less and they will not be adequately prepared to respond. The North Aurora Police Department Firearms Training Unit trains officers according to the Police Training Institute’s philosophy and methodology, which in part says the Strategic Objective of any tactical operation is to â€Å". . . diminish the potential for resistance. Should resistance occur, overcome rapidly with minimal risk. Officers are taught to â€Å". . . create and maintain a recognizable advantage . . . † (Police Training Institute) Having adequate weapons will increase the chances that responding officers can reduce the ability of the suspect to resist. If he does resist, officers will be better able to defeat his resistance quickly with the least amount of risk to themselves and others. Long guns are more intimidating to criminals and simply deploying one may convince some offenders to give up without a fight. If they do not give up, the officers will be better prepared to defend themselves.If officers confront an armed criminal with less than adequate weapons, they give up some of their tactical advantage, thereby increasing the risk to themselves and innocent bystanders. Handguns are inadequate for some situations because of their limited effective range, limited accura cy, lesser wounding ability, and higher risk of over penetration through interior walls. The . 223 caliber rifles have less recoil, better accuracy, greater range, superior wounding ability, more favorable interior wall penetration, body armor penetration.Police agencies across the nation, including the NAPD, have been trained in rapid deployment procedures for active shooter situations such as at schools and businesses. These are necessary skills for officers to possess in society today. However, the skills and knowledge gained from these classes is not put to full use unless officers are given the correct tools for the job. Consider the differences between rifles and pistols in the context of active shooter incidents. Many schools and large businesses have long hallways, some in excess of 200 feet. For example, Jewel Middle School’s longest hallway is approximately 180 feet long (60 yards).If there were an active shooter at the end of the hall shooting at students and respo nding officers, a body shot against the suspect would be the minimum need. Of course, this would not immediately physiologically incapacitate the suspect—he or she could continue shooting for 10-15 seconds. How many more students or officers could be shot in this time? It would be optimal for officers to take a precise head shot and immediately end the suspect’s life threatening behavior. A pistol is incapable of making an accurate shot at that range and shooting from that far away is truly ‘spraying and praying’ for a hit.For these situations, the only effective weapon is one capable of accurate shots from at least 100 yards away. Recall the earlier cited maximum ranges: Pistol—25 yards, Shotgun with slugs—less than 50 yards, Shotgun with buckshot—30 yards, Pistol caliber rifle—50 yards, and . 223 rifle—100 yards or more. It would be tactically prudent for officers holding the perimeter of such an incident to be behind a dequate cover as far away from the building as possible. Of those under consideration, the best weapon for this mission is a rifle chambered in . 223 caliber. 223 caliber rifles are available in various weights and configuration that will limit their penetration through common interior walls to reduce the chances of an innocent bystander being seriously injured in an adjacent room. Pistol caliber bullets have been shown to penetrate more in ballistic gelatin (a simulant for human soft tissue) after penetrating a common interior. While more accurate than a pistol, pistol caliber rifles have less wounding ability than a . 223 rifle bullet. A shotgun, while superior in wounding ability, is limited in range and inferior in accuracy compared to a rifle plus it penetrates even more than pistol bullets.Think of patrol officers responding to a hostage situation where the armed suspect is holding his victim from behind and yelling, â€Å"If I can’t have her, then no one will. † Officers are only armed with pistols and it will take at least thirty minutes for a police sniper to arrive and set up. After fifteen minutes, efforts to convince him to surrender are unsuccessful as he gets increasingly agitated and officers believe that he is about to kill her when he starts raising the gun toward her head. Officers would be derelict in their duty if they did not use lethal force at that point.A headshot would be the only option to immediately incapacitate the suspect before he shoots the victim. Taking that shot with a pistol would be a lot less likely to be successful than the same shot with a rifle. A well-placed shot would likely end the situation successfully. A missed shot could result in the tragedy of the victim being killed, either by the suspect or by the police. Granted, a situation like this is unlikely in any town, but the police should still be adequately prepared to respond. Because of the totality of the information available, it is this authorâ⠂¬â„¢s recommendation for the North Aurora Police Department to adopt . 23 ammunition for patrol rifle use. For those concerned about incurring additional liability, consider this: â€Å"As John Hall of the FBI pointed out in his series of articles in the FBI Journal, a firearms training program that addresses legal, practical and policy considerations will likely win in court. † (Chudwin 15) Further investigation of specific . 223 rounds in various weights and configurations should be done to examine more closely their performance in both desired penetration (shooting through barriers at a suspect behind cover) situations as well as limited penetration (inside structures).If this does not produce clear enough data to make an informed choice, then the Department should conduct gelatin testing before selecting official ammunition. Rifle bullets, including the . 223 is not the magic bullet (pardon the pun) that works perfectly in all applications. But certain weights and config urations perform well in their intended missions and can be deployed based on the situation. Ballistic testing must be done with each of the various cartridge configurations (i. e. full metal jacket, hollow point, soft point, etc. ) in order to auge their effectiveness for the given application. This testing can usually be arranged through the Illinois Tactical Officers Association or various ammunition manufacturers for free or at a very low cost. In closing, Chief Chudwin’s comments sum up the need for a patrol rifle program the best: In conclusion, establishing a rifle/carbine program is a positive approach to meet needed officer survival and public safety demands. From rural America to the big cities, law enforcement officers have faced violent, heavily armed offenders. Let history be our guide.There is a proven need for the rifle/carbine as a patrol weapon. These firearms, in the hands of select well-trained officers, are a line of defense against the ultimate predators. (20) Works Cited Bollig, Tim. â€Å"Structural Penetration Testing. † San Diego County Sheriff’s Department report, Jan. 2000. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version. Doylestown, PA: National Tactical Officers Association. Chudwin, Jeff. â€Å"Establishing a Police Rifle/Carbine Program. † The Tactical Edge Winter 1999: 15-20. Class survey. School of Police Staff and Command class #175 (Naperville, IL).Northwestern University Center for Public Safety. 15 Nov. 2002. DiMaio, Vincent J. M. Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic Techniques. Boca Raton: CRC, 1993. Elbow, Steven. â€Å"Military Muscle Comes to Mayberry† Capitol Times 18 Aug. 2001: 5A. Fackler, Martin L. â€Å"Perspectives on the . 223 Remington. † Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association. Vol. 3. 4 (19xx): 27. Holden, Richard N. Modern Police Management. Englewood Cliffs: Prentiss Hall, 1994 Kerr, Patrick, and Wilkerson, Dwayne . â€Å"The . 223 Remington Cartridge in anUrban Environment. † ITOA News Fall 1997: 10 Lesce, Tony. â€Å"The Police Carbine. † Law and Order Apr. 2001: 27. MacPherson, Duncan. â€Å". 223 Ammunition for Law Enforcement. † Journal of the International Wound Ballistics Association Vol. 3. 2 (19xx): 30-33. Mijares, Tomas C. , Ronald M. McCarthy, and David B. Perkins. The Management of Police Specialized Tactical Units. Springfield, IL: Thomas, 2000. Parker, Robert W. â€Å"Police Rifles. † Omaha, Nebraska Police Department memorandum, 26 Mar. 1997. Rpt. in Patrol Rifle. CD-ROM. Sept. 2002 version.Doylestown, PA: National Tactical Officers Association. Patrick, Urey W. â€Å"Handgun Wounding Factors and Effectiveness. † U. S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. Washington: 1989. 31 Oct. 2002 . Roberts, Gary K, and Bullian, Michael E. â€Å"Comparison of the Wound Ballistic Potential of 9mm vs. 5. 56mm (. 223) Cartridges for Law E nforcement Entry Applications. † Association of Firearm and Toolmark Examiners Journal Vol. 25. 2 (1993): 142-148. Appendix A Patrol Rifle survey Please fill in as much information as you know & return to Scott Buziecki. ) Department name ____________________________________ 2) Does your department allow patrol officers to carry any long guns in their pat