Slavery and sectionalism, between the North and South Essay Example for Free

Slavery and sectionalism, between the North and South Essay To what extent did the American Civil War succeed in removing the two main causes of conflict: slavery and sectionalism, between the North and South? The causes of the Civil War are a subject that have fascinated historians for generations, provoking many different interpretations. From my study I have found slavery and sectionalism to be the most important causes. In the short term, the war did not succeed in eradicating these causes of conflict and actually incited further problems, such as racism and violence. The Reconstruction period failed to achieve its main aims, which were to re-unite the two sections of North and South into the Union, and to help the Negro to infiltrate that country as a citizen, and not a slave. I also aim to show that these forces are still evident in American society today, and therefore bring the historical argument up to date. Sectionalism is a multi-faceted cause, and many historians have stressed different aspects of this sectionalism as the cause of conflict. Cultural and social historians emphasise the contrast between the civilisations and values of the two regions, whereas progressive historians stress the economic gulf between the North and South, and Marxist historians believe the class difference was the overriding cause of conflict. These views are valid as a detailed insight into particular areas of sectionalism, however their narrow viewpoint ignores other contributing factors. The most reliable view is provided by Kennet M Stampp, who demonstrates that sectionalism was a culmination of these factors which together were a major cause of conflict. He uses a variety of sources, both contemporary and secondary, to provide a balanced evaluation. This is juxtaposed to other historians who may have used a limited range of sources or been influenced by the predominant view of the time. Other historians, however, have singled out slavery to be the cause of the sectional crisis, and indeed the war. Northern historians such as James Ford Rhodes particularly uphold this view: of the American Civil War it may safely be asserted that there was a cause, slavery Slavery certainly was a huge force in America. In 1860, four million people were slaves with more that three million of these working in the South. Nonetheless, revisionist historians have argued that slavery was not the main cause of the Civil War. This could possibly have been due to a new influx of evidence, or a particular historical debate. However, recently, historians have criticised these accounts for failing to appreciate the moral urgency of the slavery issue, and have given renewed emphasis to slavery as the cause of the conflict. Despite these different interpretations, it was both the multi-faceted nature of sectionalism and slavery, which caused the Civil War. According to law, slavery was removed after the American Civil War with the Emancipation Proclamation of September 22 1862: All persons held as slaves within any state, or designated part of a state shall be forever free This however, did not free them from the racism and discrimination that their emancipation incited. The Southern image of the Negro was shaped by their slave past, and therefore the image had not changed despite the war. For example, Brogan says: the mind of the section is continuous with the past Cash and his book are themselves strong evidence of the continuation of these ideas, even one hundred and forty years later. Other historians are in accordance with this view: Southern bitterness ran deep People still believed that what they had fought for wasnt morally wrong and that Africans were meant to be slaves. Thus, as Cable writes the ex slave was not a freeman, only a free Negro. These ideas were furthered by evidence from sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists who presented what they regarded as convincing evidence of the innate racial traits of Negroes, indicating that they were intellectually inferior to whites. For example Dr J C Nott, a leading Southern ethnologist in the 1850s said: The Negro races stand at the lowest point in the scale of human beings. These ideas were also passed on through the government, for example Alexander H Stephens (vice President of the Confederacy) said: equality does not exist between blacks and whites. The one race is by nature inferior in many respects, physically and mentally to the other. Thus, white people were indoctrinated by superior, and who they believed to be trustworthy figures of the time. This contemporary evidence is extremely useful to the modern historian to understand how the belief of the inferiority of Negroes was continued, and indeed reinstated, after the war, hence causing the degradation of the blacks. Economic degradation of the Negro also strengthened the white mans belief in their innate inferiority. Emancipated Negroes were potential social and economic competitors, particularly owing to the rapidly rising population of the South; therefore white men felt that they had to keep them at the bottom of the caste and economic system. This was achieved through sharecropping. Useless land was given to blacks who could take a share of the crop. The planters could therefore bring land to production without paid labour, whilst at the same time giving the chance for the black man to work under his own supervision and to sell his share of the crop to eventually buy his own land. However the blacks received poor treatment, were often cheated out of their money and remained under the control of the whites. Hence in all but appearance this was the same as the old plantation and slavery had effectively not been removed. Derrick Murphy upholds this view: Sharecropping.. kept them [the Negroes] in a position of poverty and social inferiority. Indeed sharecropping continued into the 1940s in some areas of America, such as Alabama, therefore it was another eighty years before slavery was abolished in the farms. The black codes also endorsed this idea of the black remaining under whites control. For example, a leading Northern liberal, Carl Schurz, remarked that the codes embodied the idea that although individual whites could no longer have property of the individual blacks, the blacks at large belonged to the whites at large. This could be seen as a prejudiced evaluation as Schurz is a Northerner remarking on Southern principles. However, this viewpoint is supported by fact. The black codes prohibited Negroes serving on juries or testifying against white men, disallowed Negroes marrying whites and stated that the Negroes were not allowed to leave their place of work without permission. The codes therefore limited their freedom, and reduced them to a state of pre-war slavery. Schurzs analysis is indeed correct, that the Negroes were far from being emancipated as they still belonged to the whites. Whites disallowed blacks the right to better their position through education. Post war public education was only provisioned for whites, as they believed that the education of blacks was a waste of effort, or even dangerous (Degler). All over the South in 1865-7 any white person who attempted to instruct Negroes was subject to attacks and violence. Therefore the blacks were further denied rights, much the same as they were under slavery. Under the driving will of the Radical Republicans, the fourteenth and fifteenth Amendment of 1866 and 1869 were adopted to the Constitution. These allowed the blacks to be full citizens, and equal in rights and voting privileges with white men. This threat of possible black power to white supremacy caused an upsurge of hatred towards the blacks, and an outbreak of violence and intimidation at the ballot box. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, Knights of White Camelia, The White Brotherhood and The Pale Faces began to emerge. Their aim is shown in the official charge to the new recruits of the Ku Klux Klan in 1867: Our main and fundamental objective is the maintenance of the supremacy of the white race in this Republic. Therefore we can see that the emancipation of the slaves actually provoked worse reaction towards the Negroes, and made their life one filled with terror, which it had net been to the same extent before. However, there were also some positive moves towards equality of blacks in the Reconstruction period. Radical Republicans believed that all sons of Adam and Eve are equal in the eyes of God and therefore that it was morally wrong for Negroes to be discriminated against. They pushed for the Force Acts passed on May 31st 1870, and February 21st 1871. These said that force or intimidation used to prevent citizens from voting would be punished by fine or imprisonment. A third Force Act, the Ku Klux Klan Act of April 20th 1871, imposed heavier penalties on persons who shall conspire together, or go in disguise for the purpose of depriving any person or any class of person of the equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges or immunities under the laws. They also pressed for a longer life span of the Freedmans Bureau, which provided food, clothing and medical care for refugees and Negroes. According to the original act, the bureaus work was to terminate within a year after the end of the war. However, through the work of the Congressional Committee on Reconstruction and the radicals, the Freedmens Bureau Bill was passed in February 1866, which indefinitely extended its life span. However the bureau was hated by most Southern men, and was subject to much criticism, for example that it was stirring up discontent among the Negroes and giving false hopes, or that the bureau employed corrupt and incompetent administrators who wasted federal money. Some of this is true, however a more trustworthy evaluation of the bureaus work is that of historian Kenneth M Stampp, who believed the bureau played a constructive role in the transformation of the Negro from slave to citizen and that the tradition that the bureau was rife with corruption and incompetence is an exaggeration. His evaluation can be regarded as more trustworthy owing to the fact that as a modern historian he is less likely to be influenced by past war views and the use of evidence as propaganda. More than likely much of this corruption will have been exaggerated by Southern propagandists to try and close the bureau down and stop any aid to the Negroes. Stampp also has a wider range of source material and t he value of hindsight to provide a more balanced argument. However, the bureau did not manage the complete transformation especially as Congress stopped its activities in 1869. Thus ended the one modest Federal effort to deal directly with some of the social and economic problems confronting the post-war South, as written by Stampp. The Radical Republicans began to decline, and were replaced with stalwarts, who were concerned with the maintaining the status quo. This meant that they were no longer concerned with the issue of Negroes, and that its crusade had lost vitality. Brognan writes, by the end of the mind 70s the Negro was seen, at best, as a bore and a nuisance. Thus, by the end of the Reconstruction Period, the Negro remained a lower caste, economically discriminated against, faced with violence, and in a position no better than that of the pre-war slavery period. Towards the end of the nineteenth century their position became worse as they faced segregation. I t began with a movement led by Mississippi Constitutional Convention of 1890, which insisted on poll taxes and literary tests to remove blacks from the voting registers. This initiated a period of segregation in hospitals, theatres, cemeteries, housing, prisons and even with water fountains. This was not helped by the fact that the North had begun to look at a Negro through Southern eyes. The post-war era may have united the Northern and Southern beliefs about the Negroes, however it caused a greater void between the two sections in other respects. The Civil War destroyed two thirds of Southern wealth, which was worsened by a population rise in the South, thus impoverishing the South. This was in direct juxtaposition with the North, who got economic benefits from the secession. It became easier for the North to go ahead with construction, for example of the transcontinental railway, without the South opposing it, and during the war years Northern wealth had grown by 50 percent. Thus, the war actually exacerbated the pre-war problems by creating an even greater economic gulf. Slavery had also hindered the training of artisans and craftsmen, and education remained a low priority for the south. Any educated Southerners would travel to the North to go to university, thus draining the South of its intelligence, and possible makers of wealth. This therefore maintained the divisions between the two sections of the country. The war also did not change the attitude of the two sections towards one another. If anything it strengthened them, and created patriotic ideas of either section: Four years of fighting for the preservation of their world, and their heritage, four years of measuring themselves against the Yankee had left the South more aware of their differences and of the line which divided what was South and what was not. Cash here provides a valuable and reliable view of the Southern viewpoint for an outsider. However, it is only a reliable view of the traditional Southern stance. Throughout his book it is interesting to note how revisionist ideas are not explored. This can be viewed in a positive manner however, in that we are given deep insight into one type of historical viewpoint, a view that many post-war Southerners would have held, one that evidently still exists today. This idea of Southern nationalism was deeply rooted in their fear of losing their traditions and therefore the status quo of the section. It was an unwillingness to change into a section like the North. They had their stereotypical views of the North, thus to change they felt they would incite moral and Physical ruin. Therefore it can be seen that not only was slavery still apparent in America after the Civil War, but also the divisions between the sections still existed. Thus the reconstruction had failed in most of its aims, and the Civil War had not succeeded in removing its causes on conflict. Even in todays society, one hundred and fifty years later, the causes behind the war are still evident in America. We can see that when the causes relate to the opinion, habits and traditions of the people they are extremely difficult to remove, and the mid set is often passed down through generations. The range of sources that I have used have all been unanimous in one aspect: they all acknowledge that the Civil War has been and will continue to be one of the most influential events that America has ever experienced, and that it is difficult to assess whether the divisions underlying the war will ever be fully removed from American society.

Cmn 277 Essay Example for Free

Cmn 277 Essay Frequency of cause: how many times you have been exposed into message a. Cumulative (more than one time) multiple b. Non-cumulative (base on taking one) 6. Nature of outcome a. Cognitive (do with fighting against what we believe) b. Affective (do with emotion or feeling) c. Behavioral (perform) EX. The table is soft, but I think it is hard (cognitive); â€Å"I don’t like tables any more† (affective); I will not buy it. (Behavioral) 3) Phases of effects research: research topics, theories, and typical research in the direct effects era, limited effects era, and conditional effects era 1. Direct effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking at political propaganda b. Media perceived to be influential c. EX. â€Å"Hypodermic needle† and â€Å"magic bullet† theories (media are powerful) Research: research focus on content of media; little research on media effects 2. Limited effects era Research topics and theories a. Why are media not powerful? b. Ex. Selective exposure and selective retention theories Typical research: survey and content analysis 3. Conditional effects era Research topics and theories a. Looking for more subtle effects b. Looking for conditions when effects may occur Typical research: broadened range of methods B) Research Methods Overview 1) Basic problems in media effects research 1. Problems of exposure: when someone consume the message, different level of exposure. 2. Problems of measurement 3. Problems of causality (you like to try everything) 2) Causal models: basic one-way model, supplemental models, and alternative causal models 1. Basic one-way model X- cause, independent (nature) Y- effect, dependent (depend on X) X Y 2. Supplement causal models The basic is right, but maybe two or more ways . Multiple causes model X X Y X b. Mutual causation model X Y c. Intervening model (not directly) X Z Y 3. Alternative causal models One-way model here is false a. Reverse causation model X Y b. Third-factor model X Y Z 3) Data collection methods: description, advantages, and disadvantages of content analysis, surveys, and experiments 1. Content analysis Numerical description of media a. Advantages Ident ifies what is in the media message that starts in message b. Disadvantages By itself, cannot demonstrate cause and effect . Surveys Asking representative sample, external validity a. Advantages 1) Representative sample of people 2) Measures naturally occurring events b. Disadvantages 1) Limited to questions 2) Cannot measure time order 3. Experiments Expose people to something: measure effects, internal, validity a. Advantages 1) Can observe/manipulate events 2) Can observe time order b. Disadvantages 1) Often uses limited sample of people 2) Artificial setting and situations C) Uses and Gratifications Theories 1) Uses and Gratifications defined and the uses and gratifications model 1. Defined What happens before and during media exposure helps determine the effects of exposure 2. Model Psychological forces: individual, what you believe Social forces: outside influence, from others or†¦ (Both happen at the same time) Reasons for exposure conditions of exposure: what do you feel media effects Example: Desire to vote correctly Professor urges you to engage in political process 2) Some reasons for media exposure (list of common media gratifications) 1. Surveillance Try to learn something, figure something out 2. Entertainment Look for to prove your mood 3. Interpersonal activity 1) You want to watch famous people, so you watch the TV show (2) You watch TV show, you want to talk to others about it. 4. Para social interaction We keep the relationship (you watch Opera, you believe her because she tells you what to do) 5. Personal Identity You watch TV show to improve yourself and expand your knowledge in the fields you are interested in. The similarity is between you and c haracters. D) Cultivation Theory 1) Constructed nature of social reality 1. The mind begins as a blank slate 2. Our reality is constructed for us by social interactions and institutions 3. Part of the reality we construct is based on television reality 4. Television reality is wrong 2) Television reality: what is wrong with it; the consistency of the patterns Entertainment television presents a distorted view of America and the world. 62% characters are male People under 18 are only 1/3 of actual People over 65 are only 1/5 of actual Crime is 10 times as common as actual Medical and criminal justice workers many times as common as actual 3% of TV characters are responsible for an older adult 3) The Cultivation process: parts of the process 1. Where attitudes come from Belief 1 Belief 2 attitude judgment Belief 3 EX. Beliefs and attitude toward police officers Police use brutality Police protect people Police abuse power 2. The cultivation model Viewer’s exposure to TV demographics 1) Exposure to TV demographics a. Who is on Television b. What they do and what happens to them 2) Viewers’ beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena a. Who is out there in the world b. What they do and what happens to them 3) Views’ attitudes a. Based on beliefs about people, places, and other social phenomena b. We infer importance status, and relative social place; we make judgments c. Mainstreaming process 4) Further specifications 1. When does Cultivation not occur? a. When direct experience differs from TV b. When people view critically c. When the TV message is not uniform 2. When is cultivation most likely to occur? a. When the message resonate with direct experience b. When 5) Cultivation research: Content analyses and surveys 1. Content analysis of television 2. Survey research a. Exposure to TV b. Beliefs c. Attitudes 6) Criticisms of the theory 1. Difficult to establish causality 2. Too broad E) General Media Effects Theories 1) Social Learning 1. Overview We can learn behavior by watching other’s behavior 2. How it works a. Basic model: Attention to performance of behavior b. Important conditions 1) Identification with model 2) Model rewards/consequences 3) Situational motivations The situation should be the same c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative (only need to see performance once) 5) Behavioral focus 2) Excitation Transfer 1. Overview The excitement we get from media content can exaggerate our feelings 2. How it works 1) Physiological arousal (transfer) Media content can be arousal Expose to arousing content 2) Exaggeration comes from misunderstanding the cause of arousal. 3) Categorizing the theory 1. Causes change 2. Individual level 3. Short-term 4. Non-cumulative 5. Affective focus 3) Exemplification A lot of times we see examples of people in news, we think about the represent issue, use the examples to judge issues. 1. How it works 1) People understand issues in terms of effect on other people 2) News stories supply examples of people and situations (exemplars); often extreme causes. ) People treat exemplars as typical cases 4) Exemplars are often easy to recall when a. No firm impression of actual situation b. Example created emotional reaction 5) Process Exposure to examples in News 6) Net effect: extreme, incorrect beliefs and judgments about social issues 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive focus 4) Dese nsitization a. The more you see bother the content, the less it bother you (content that used to bother you). b. How it works 1) Applies to affect-producing content 2) Basic model Repeated exposure 3) Outcome can be affected or behavior change c. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Cumulative 5) Affective focus (first) 5) Catharsis Not very supported, but very interesting media provide opportunity for us to add up emotions. (Media content lets us imagine away negative feelings) 1. How it works 1) We have negative experience 2) Media provide venue for fantasizing 3) Basic model Negative feelings 2. Categorizing the theory 1) Causes change 2) Individual-level 3) Short-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Affective focus ) Reinforcement Some media content encourage us to stay as we are (media reinforces what we already think, feel and do) 1. How it works 1) Builds from 2 basic observations a. Not everyone reacts to media content b. Many people already behave as suggested by content 2) Basic model Exposure to content 2. Categorizing the theory (does not cause change) 1) Reinforces 2) Individual-level 3) Long-term 4) Non-cumulative 5) Cognitive/affective/behavioral focus F) Media Violence and Aggression 1) Basic models of violence effects 1. Exposure to violence in media Exposure Exposure Exposure 2. Exposure to violence in media 2) The research: content analysis, experiments, and survey studies 1. Content analysis (1) Count of violent acts Six percent of all TV shows have violence and have six hours (2) Perpetrators Good guys commit violence 3) Consequences (terrible) 70% of violent acts down, half of them show no harm or no pain. 4% content 2. Survey studies (1) One-time How much violence can you observe? Generally conducted on Children Ask teacher to measure the aggression in Children Ask children how much TV they watch Lots of TV= lots of aggression (2) Over-time 1961: increased exposure=increased aggression 1971: increased exposure=increased aggression Being exposed to violence= aggressive behavior (causal nature) 3. Experiment Field experiments: outcomes based on previous experience Look at previous behavior, control predict Violent is related to aggressive Trying to find out what people are doing naturally Less control 3) Criticisms of the research Causal model cannot show relationship with certainty Why is there so much violence? Easily produced Easily understood G) Sexually Explicit Content ) Issues in sexually explicit content research: the basic categorization scheme, kinds of dependent variables, ethical concerns 1. The basic categorization scheme (1) Sexually violent a. Sex involves in movies (2) Nonviolent degrading More or less can teach bad things for male and female relationship (3) Nonviolent non-degrading Love, equal power between (4) Nudity It is not real about sex (5) Child por nography 2. Kinds of dependent variables (1) Arousal What people will be like when show something? (2) Beliefs What people think about the sexual content? (3) Attitudes (4) Behavior What’s your sexual activity? Take safe or not? 3. Ethical concerns People do the content worries about 2) Effects of non-violent sexually explicit content: degrading and non-degrading content 3) Effects of sexual violence: what makes sexual violence different than other violence, typical sexual violence content types and exposure effects We only see it in media Typical sexual violence content types: the outcome 4) Criticisms of the research Hard to do this experiment H) Race in Crime News 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Race and crime news: how various racial groups are depicted 3) Explaining differences in news coverage I) Mass Media and Gender 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Remember audience differences 3) Entertainment media and advertising: content patterns, the role of media producers, research on effects of exposure to body images J) Media Media and Health 1) Theoretical approaches to possible effects 2) Representations of mental disorders 3) Representations of physicians: current and past 4) Entertainment-Education 5) Media Obesity: characteristics of common portrayals (of food and people), nutritional knowledge K) Public Opinion 1) Public opinion defined 2) Spiral of Silence ) Criticisms of Spiral of Silence We need more research, dont work very well in the USA. L) Agenda Setting, Priming, ; Framing 1) The agenda setting effect: the public agenda, the media agenda, how the media communicate the importance of issues, the basic model 2) Agenda setting research: survey research at one time, survey research over time, and experiments 3) Conditions that affect when agenda settin g happens: individual differences and issue obtrusiveness 4) Issue priming: the priming effect and research Use the issue to judge the leaders 5) Framing: the news framing effect Does take in account what it said. M) Mass Media and Presidential Elections 1) Relationship between candidates and journalists 2) Patterson’s Game Schema Theory a) Hypothesis: general thesis and model b) Opposing approaches to elections: how journalists and voters approach elections c) Effects of this disparity d) Why this has occurred e) Strengths and weaknesses (criticisms) of the theory N) Effects of Internet Use 1) Internet use affects quality of interactions 2) Internet use replaces interpersonal communication 3) Internet use replaces traditional mass media People dont have recourses to do multiple things. You dont know when someone watching you. Internet people can get really diversity information III. Discussion section content since examination #1 A) Sex Roles on Television and Stereotype Threat B) Video game and music video findings C) Voter turnout trends and campaigns Important thing to know who tends to vote. Education level, race graphics Why? Old people are home, and others. VEP is better than the VAP Learn about the candidates and decide how you to vote Watch the news and look for issue information about the conditdates Want to decide how to vote I don’t want to become a police officer Viewer’s attitudes Viewer’s beliefs Performance of behavior Learning of behavior Exaggeration of feelings Arousal Examples used in beliefs and judgment about issues Recall of examples Acceptance of depicted behavior Reduced emotional response Perform Reduction of original feelings Various releases of feelings Exposure to others acting out feelings Predisposition reinforcement Aggressiveness Aggressiveness Social learning Aggressiveness Excitation transfer Aggressiveness Desensitization Fear

Opportunity Analysis For Precious Pets

Opportunity Analysis For Precious Pets In the society today, pets have been becoming an important family member in the families around the word. More and more people tend to treat their pets like a child rather than just a pet. And the pet care and pet food industry becomes popular. There is statistics suggesting that the pets population is ever increasing around the world developed countries. It is shown in the report that the 63% of households own pet in Australia, the pet ownership is 63% in the USA and 53% in the UK. With the increasing population of pet in these countries the pet industry is making a greater contribution to the economy of the countries (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006a). So the work team is expecting a good prospect for their new project-the Precious Pet private club. The Precious Pet Private Club tends to supply the basic pet care, along with the pet and pet owner interactive sports, the pets restaurant and the pets-in hotel, of course a cafà © where the pet owner can get their stomach filled. The target of our business is to supply the pet and pet owner a common space to interact and enjoy a special holiday together. Content Table Content Table 3 1.0 Introduction 4 2.0 Opportunities in the pet industry 5 2.1 The trend of pets population in the developed countries. 5 2.2 The profit prospect in the pet industry 5 2.3 The pet owners attitude toward the pets 6 3.0 The major competitor analysis 6 4.0 The operation structure of the Precious Pets Private Club 7 4.1 The business model 7 4.2 The human resource for the Club 8 5.0 The SWOT analysis of Precious Pets Private Club 9 5.1 The Strength analysis 9 5.2 The weakness analysis 9 5.3 The opportunity analysis 10 5.4 The threats analysis 10 6.0 Conclusion 10 Reference 11 Further reading 12 1.0 Introduction It is clear through the statistics that the pet care industry is a big and increasing industry. More and more organizations tend to supply service for the pets. The pets-only product is even more expensive than the peoples. So there is a larger profit margin that than the usual product for people. Many food manufacturers engage into the industry and become the leaders, too. For example Nestle and Mars both take not bad market shares in the pet food industry. So it can be estimated that the pet industry is a new industry with a great potential. That is why the Precious Pet Private Club being chosen as the target project. The report will be composed of four parts-the pet industry opportunity analysis, the major competitor analysis and market environment research, the operation structure of Precious Pet Private Club, SWOT analysis of Precious Pet Private Club. The Pet industry analysis will present a clear demonstration of the opportunity in the industry. The analysis will decide if there is a potential for the Precious Pet Private Club to grasp a profit in the industry. If the opportunity to survive is to thin, the project ought to be given up. Then the market environment research will give hint where the major competitors are around the Precious Pets Private Club and leave the Precious Pets Private Club on the defending status. The operation structure decides how the organization will be run and the SWOT analysis will propose a clear understanding of the organization itself. 2.0 Opportunities in the pet industry 2.1 The trend of pets population in the developed countries. It is mentioned in the executive summary that the pets population is ever increasing, and the statistics will prove that. The statistics report pointed out that in the US the number of dogs per 100 people has increased. The number of dogs per 100 people in the US is 25 in 2005 and the number is 22 in 2001. While compared to the dog population increase in the US, the number in the UK and Australia was decreasing slightly since 2002. The situation with the cats population is similar. In the USA about 31 cats are kept in 100 households, and the number of cats per 100 people is only 28. (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006b) 2.2 The profit prospect in the pet industry Since the Americans are likely to keep more pets, the pet industries contribution to the national economy can not be neglected. It is reported that the contribution of the pet industry to the USA economy is ever growing each year. The American Pet Products Association (APPA) announced that there were estimated 69.1 million pet owning households and they will contribute US$35.9 billion in the pet product expenditure. On the average it equates that every pet owning family will spent US$519 annually on their pets. (Contribution of pet economy to the Australian industry report, 2006c) 2.3 The pet owners attitude toward the pets The pet industry will make a remarkable contribution to the economy; it is still the pets owners contribution. How they spend money on their lovely pets is the way how we could provide service and make money of course. The families today tend to treat their pets like a child rather than a household-kept animal. A new survey in Australia has proved that concept of pet parent rather than a pet owner. The study can indicate that the people are sharing a close emotion bond with their loving pets. Most of them shows a responsible attitude, and they love their pets, would protect them and spent money for them. In this study 85% of pet owners treated their pet part of the family or just like a child and 57% interviewed pet owners take their pet their best friend. 21% of pet owners often/sometimes celebrate their pets birthday and 44% of pet owners give their pet presents for Christmas or other special occasions. Similar studies have been conducted in other countries with similar results, indicating that this is a worldwide trend.(Industry Trends for 2009) The statistics from the pet industry will suggest there are profitable room the industry enterers. The pet care industry has become a general service industry which is accepted by people and more types of services will appear to attract the profit. 3.0 The major competitor analysis The Precious Pet Private Club is a comprehensive pet care club, which consist of the popular pet restaurant and pet hotel. The new concept is the pet-owner interactive sports program. And the pet restaurant and pet hotels are not so new. So there is no doubt they would project a competitive challenge to our business. And the regular pet product retailing place such as the pet food store, and the super market and convenience store could attract the customer who would come to our pet restaurant. Then the pet beauty center is another major competitor. The pet beauty center is a pet service provider, too and will provide some pet products such as food, the pet only shampoo, clothes and so on. The business model contains the product retailing and pet service, similar to the comprehensive service provider, the Precious Pets Private Club. And the beauty service is the major profit source. And for the Precious Pets Private Club target to the upper level pet owner customers. The service provi ded will be packaged and sell to those who would like to build closer emotional bonds with their lovely pets. The business model will be explained in the operation structure part. The market environment research could bring back the information that around the Precious Pets Private Club there are 2 special pet product stores and 1 pet beauty service center. The supermarket or convenience stores are the traditional pet food and pet product retailers, too. 4.0 The operation structure of the Precious Pets Private Club 4.1 The business model The Precious Pets Private Club will consist of four major business categories. The basic pets care such as the pet beauty service will be supplied. The pet owners can get their pets washed and get dressed to match the happy mode of the pet owner and the pets in the short vacation. The pet owner sports programs could let the pet in when ever the pet owner want to do sports in the club. And some pet training could be a choice. Here the owner could train their pets to finish litter tricks and increase the interaction between the pets and the owner. The pet theme restaurants will put the focus on the pets self-service food supply. All kinds of major branded pet foods will be served and the pets can choose the food they like and would not be confined to the usual pet food at home. It is a special experience for the pets. If the pet owner can not tell which brand of pet food their pets prefer, just bring them to the pet self-service restaurant and let them decide. The fourth part is the p et-in hotel. The club tended to supply a good place to spend a day or even a weekend for the pets and their owners. And the pet-in hotel let the owner take their pets to the hotel together. The hotel could supply the bed where the pet and the owner could share or if the pet owner would like the pet to sleep alone, the hotel could also supply a single pet bed, a blanket, a basket or a pet room. The owner could keep their pet in the room they booked. At the very beginning the pet-in club would supply at most 10 rooms, because the room maintenance would be a little expensive. Except for the four major business categories, the club could accommodate some pets exhibition. And the service of the club will be provided to the club member only. To demonstrate the business structure clearly, the figure below could be referred. Precious Pets Private Club Pet-in hotel Pet self-service restaurant Interactive sports program Basic pet care 4.2 The human resource for the Club According to the business model the club needs to resemble the four service model together. Each business category will need a supervisor who is in charge of the product design for this business category, included in the expecting employee number for each sector. 3 pet care worker for the basic pet care center providing the necessary service including wash the pet and dress the pet. 2 workers for the interactive sports program, provide the guidance work to show the customer around the sports programs and fulfill some job schedule connected to other sections. The pet self-service restaurant will employ 4 employees to refill the food supply and tidy the restaurant. 2 employees will be hired for the hotel sector to maintain the hotel rooms and keep the room comfortable for a pet and owner staying together. 5.0 The SWOT analysis of Precious Pets Private Club The SWOT analysis is the process of analyzing organizations and their environments based on their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The analysis would include the environmental analysis and the organizational analysis. The environment analysis is the external factors analysis, which is the process of scanning the business environment for threats and opportunities. The organizational analysis is internal factors analysis, which is the process of analyzing a firms strengths and weaknesses (Weihrich, 1982). 5.1 The Strength analysis The comprehensive service model would be fresh for the pet owners. The target is to server the upper level pet owners who have a strong demand for establishing an emotional tie with their pets. So the target would decide all the programs in the club is special for interactive pet and pet owner. All the programs could be finished by the owner here. But all the necessary products are ready to use. The club is small and would supply total membership type consumption. The members could establish good relations and could stay with the club for a longer time. 5.2 The weakness analysis The products are still basic. Though the business categories have been defined and the comprehensive pet service club is new, the products of each category are still not attractive enough. The products need more development and innovation to attract the customer closely so they will come and stay with the club. 5.3 The opportunity analysis The expenditure on pet is increasing according to statistics, which can guaranty a stable pet expenditure market. People obviously to accept the new type of the pet service and the survey indicates a stable customer expense trend. 5.4 The threats analysis The big pet industry market could be affected by the economy downturn. Since 2009, the global financial crisis has shadowed the peoples lives. People tend to cut down expense. So the expenditure on pets will be cut down to an extent. It would influence our market strategy under such an economy environment. Many of our market strategies will gain little effects. 6.0 Conclusion The team selects the comprehensive pet service club and tends to push the service package to the market through the membership of club. The business is new and the target of the products is clear. But as the SWOT analysis has revealed, the product mix is too easy, and can be copied by other business. So the in-depth product development is very necessary. The service model could be innovative, too. All the target of the organization should be focused on a close emotional tie and interactions between the pet and pet owner, which should become the core competitiveness of the Precious Pets Private Club.

Affirmative Action Essay -- essays research papers

Affirmative Action is any effort taken to expand opportunity for women or racial, ethnic and national origin minorities by using membership in those groups that have been subject to discrimination as a consideration. The Fourteenth Amendment states that no person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. As a result, Affirmative action is not consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. In this essay, I will first discuss the violation of Affirmative Action against the Fourteenth Amendment. Second, how Affirmative Action helps one group of people while leaving out the other groups of people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Affirmative Action has occurred in several cases throughout the Americans history and the case that I will be referring to is Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. This case presents a challenge to the special admissions program of the Medical School of the University of California at Davis, which is designed to assure the admission of a specified number of students from certain minority groups (253). In 1973 and 1974, Allan Bakke, a white male, who applied twice to the Medical School of the University of California at Davis, was rejected even though his grade point average and MCAT scores were higher than most of the applicants. With the fact that applicants that were admitted with the special admissions program had lower scores, Bakke alleged that the Medical School’s special admissions program operated to exclude him from the school on the basis of his race (258). This, he stated, violates his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the F ourteenth Amendment. The Equal Protection Clause states that â€Å"No State shall†¦deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.† The guarantee of equal protection cannot mean one thing when applied to one individual and something else when applied to a person of another color. If both are not accorded the same protection, then it is not equal (260). If everybody is guaranteed the same protection under the Constitution, then no one should be treated differently at the University. Hence, Affirmative Action violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendmen... ...t wrong doings then this would lead to reverse discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though Affirmative Action was created to help the less fortunate people to have a chance to succeed in the society, it still separates one certain groups from another thus giving one certain groups more opportunity to succeed and leaving the other groups behind. Because of the special program in the Medical School of the University of California at Davis, Bakke was rejected because of his race. This decision made by the University is discrimination. Therefore, Affirmative Action violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, the existent of Affirmative Action is not consistent with the Fourteenth Amendment. I strongly disagree on having Affirmative Action even though it can help the less fortunate people but also at the same time discriminate the others. It all started with the discrimination during the earlier years and now it is the time to fix the wrong. â€Å"Having a diverse college cause to learn different things about the world, you need different people with different opinion or perspective.† (President of Princeton).

Essay --

The assessment framework for children in need and their families consists of gathering information that could potentially be important to look at. Social services would then evaluate the material which has been collected, and discuss whether or not it is valuable. Then decisions would need to be made on how the social services can support the family in need. The assessment needs to be centred on the child, and what is best for them. The assessment should also build on strengths and not focus purely on the negatives. It also needs to be holistic, taking everything into account (where the family lives, what benefits they are getting, what are their neighbours like etc.). It is also a continuing process; the assessment is not a ‘one off’. Social services don't have to help all families with children but they do have a duty to look into your situation to check what help you are entitled to. Social services can provide help for a family, like a placement in a playground or nursery for an infant; they can help with problems with schools or childcare. Social services can also help with a child’s behaviour, and help with any drug or alcohol problems. They can offer friendship and support, and if it is needed, counselling can be offered. A family could be entitled to housing and/or financial support from social services if someone in the family is under the age of 18 and is classed as a ‘child in need’. The child, or children, should be considered as a ‘child in need’ if he or she needs help to manage the things that affect health and development (the Children Act 1989). Examples of which could be lack of money or food, not having accommodation, problems that may affect health or education, or that the child is living with a violent person... ...lves. It is important for children that they are provided with an encouraging and secure environment in both the home and in school. Children need to feel that their parents and teachers value learning. If kids are shown that academic exploration is important, they are likely to develop similar attitudes. Furthermore, it is important to let kids know that failure is often part of the learning process. Kids who are not afraid to fail are more willing to accept scholastic challenges and are less likely to interrupt their own academic efforts. It is also important for kids to have plenty of support at home. The home environment shapes the initial attitudes that children have towards learning. However there are professionals that are available, such as counsellors and psychologists, both in and out of school, paediatricians, and state psychological associations.

LINDA TRIPP: I’m you. . . I’m just like you. Really Linda? I don’t think so! :: Essays Papers

LINDA TRIPP: "I’m you. . . I’m just like you." Really Linda? I don’t think so! Linda Tripp, due to her key role in the Impeachment Scandal has become one of the most controversial figures in current politics. Is she a villain or is she a hero? Looking at Tripp’s actions before, during, and after the Impeachment Scandal the question arises; were these actions legitimate or were they improper? An important factor in answering this question is the audience’s reaction to Tripp’s behavior along with an analyzation and critique of her actions. "Psychological criticism" is the method that will be used to evaluate Linda Tripp. This "attempts to analyze the effects of the rhetorician’s character, intelligence, and sincerity as perceived by the audience." (Campbell, Critiques of Contemporary Rhetoric. 1972, pg. 29) One must look at how Tripp portrays her image to the audience, how Tripp attempts to put herself in a favorable light, how Tripp blames her opponents, how Tripp creates an impression of sincerity, how Tripp identifies herself with the "experiences, values and attitudes of his [her] audience" (Campbell, Critiques of Contemporary Rhetoric. 1972, pg. 30) and the way in which Tripp discounts personal biases and interests. Based on these questions and the opinions of the audience one can judge Tripp’s role in the Impeachment Scandal. Tripp portrays her image to the public by identifying herself as the normal, average, American citizen. When speaking with the press on July 29, 1998 Tripp repeats the statement, "I am you" in four slightly different forms. Tripp speaks about how she ended up in her current predicament and her response is, "I’m you." This is immediately followed by, "I’m just like you. . . I never asked to be placed in this position. Because I am just like you." At the end of her statement she says, "I am no different than you" (Text of Linda Tripp’s Remarks, July 29, 1998, Washington Post, pg. 1&3) This technique removes Tripp for the spotlight for a moment. It asks the audience to relate her to the "girl next door" or in her case just your, "everyday single mom trying to do the right thing." The taping of the phone conversations amongst her Lewinsky can easily be explained by Tripp. "I [even] thought of it as my patriotic duty." (NBC, Today Show, "Linda Tripp Speaks About her Motives in Recording Monica Lewinsky’s Phone Conversations" February 12, 1999) LINDA TRIPP: "I’m you. . . I’m just like you." Really Linda? I don’t think so! :: Essays Papers LINDA TRIPP: "I’m you. . . I’m just like you." Really Linda? I don’t think so! Linda Tripp, due to her key role in the Impeachment Scandal has become one of the most controversial figures in current politics. Is she a villain or is she a hero? Looking at Tripp’s actions before, during, and after the Impeachment Scandal the question arises; were these actions legitimate or were they improper? An important factor in answering this question is the audience’s reaction to Tripp’s behavior along with an analyzation and critique of her actions. "Psychological criticism" is the method that will be used to evaluate Linda Tripp. This "attempts to analyze the effects of the rhetorician’s character, intelligence, and sincerity as perceived by the audience." (Campbell, Critiques of Contemporary Rhetoric. 1972, pg. 29) One must look at how Tripp portrays her image to the audience, how Tripp attempts to put herself in a favorable light, how Tripp blames her opponents, how Tripp creates an impression of sincerity, how Tripp identifies herself with the "experiences, values and attitudes of his [her] audience" (Campbell, Critiques of Contemporary Rhetoric. 1972, pg. 30) and the way in which Tripp discounts personal biases and interests. Based on these questions and the opinions of the audience one can judge Tripp’s role in the Impeachment Scandal. Tripp portrays her image to the public by identifying herself as the normal, average, American citizen. When speaking with the press on July 29, 1998 Tripp repeats the statement, "I am you" in four slightly different forms. Tripp speaks about how she ended up in her current predicament and her response is, "I’m you." This is immediately followed by, "I’m just like you. . . I never asked to be placed in this position. Because I am just like you." At the end of her statement she says, "I am no different than you" (Text of Linda Tripp’s Remarks, July 29, 1998, Washington Post, pg. 1&3) This technique removes Tripp for the spotlight for a moment. It asks the audience to relate her to the "girl next door" or in her case just your, "everyday single mom trying to do the right thing." The taping of the phone conversations amongst her Lewinsky can easily be explained by Tripp. "I [even] thought of it as my patriotic duty." (NBC, Today Show, "Linda Tripp Speaks About her Motives in Recording Monica Lewinsky’s Phone Conversations" February 12, 1999)

Swot Analysis of Mercury Drug Store

Questions ON PROBLEM 1 a. Determine the depreciation associated with the new equipment, as well as the unused depreciation on the old equipment. b. Determine the cash inflows (after depreciation and taxes) associated with the new equipment. c. Determine the cash outflows associated with the equipment. Show each of the items that would appear in the T-account. Then show both the cash inflows and cash outflows in the T-account. d. Determine (1) the net present value, (2) the profitability index, (3) the internal rate of return, and (4) the payback period of the proposed project. DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW EQUIPMENT) ST YR 75,000. 00 X 33. 33% = 24,997. 50 2ND Yr 75,000. 00 x 44. 45% = 33,3337. 50 3rd Yr. 75,000. 00 x 14. 81 % = 11,107. 50 4th yr 75,000. 00 x 7. 41 % = 5,557. 50 DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW EQUIPMENT) 1ST YR 50,000. 00 X 33. 33% = 16,665 2ND Yr 50,000. 00 x 44. 45% = 22,225. 00 3rd Yr. 50,000. 00 x 14. 81 % = 7,405. 00 4th yr 50,000. 00 x 7. 41 % = 3,705 . 00 16,665. 00 + 22,225. 00 + 7,405. 00 = 46,295. 00 16,665. 00 + 22,225. 00 + 7,405. 00 = 46,295. 00 50,000. 00 – 46,495 = 3,705. 00 Unused Depreciation on old equipmentCASH INFLOWS/CASH OUTFLOWS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT 1ST YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 24,997. 50 Freight Expense 5,000. 00 Working Capital 3,000. 00 32,997. 50 Income before Tax ( 2,992. 500 ) VVVVVVVVVVVV 2nd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 0 Less: Depreciation Expense 33,337. 50 Working Capital (30,000 x 12%) 3,600. 00 36,937. 50 Income before Tax ( 6,937. 50) Vvvvvvvvvvv 3rd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 30,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 11,107. 50 Working Capital (30,000 x 12%) 3,600. 0 14,707. 50 Income before Tax 15,292. 50 Income Tax (15,292. 50 x 30%) 4,587. 50 NET INCOME 10,705. 00 VVVVVVVVV 4TH YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 0 Less: Depreciation Expense 5,557. 50 Working Capital (20,000 x 12%) 2,400. 00 7,957. 50 Income before Tax 12,042. 50 Income Tax (12,042. 50 x 30%) 3,612. 75 NET INC OME 8,429. 5 VVVVVVVVV C A S H FLOW _____________________________________ CASH IN : CASH OUT 30,000. 00 : 75,000. 00 30,000. 00 : 5,000. 00 30,000. 00 : 3,000. 00 20,000. 0 : 3,600. 00 : 3,600. 00 : 4,587. 50 : 3,612. 75 Totals 110,000. 00 : 98,400. 25 Vvvvvvvvvv vv vvv vvv NET PRESENT VALUE: P 1,500. 00 SINCE MACHINE IS FULLY DEPRECIATED PROFITABILITY INDEX/INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 1ST YEAR – NONE ND YEAR – NONE 3RD YEAR – 10,705. 00 / 30,000. 00 = 36% 4TH YEAR – 8429. 75 / 20,000. 00 = 42% Payback period starts on the 3RD YEAR†¦.. QUESTIONS ON PROBLEM 2 a. Determine the depreciation associated with the new equipment, as well as the unused depreciation on the old equipment. b. Determine the cash inflows (after depreciation and taxes) associated with the new equipment. c. Determine the cash outflows associated with the equipment. Show each of the items that would appear in the T-account. Then show both the cash inflows and cash outflows in the T-a ccount. d.Determine (1) the net present value, (2) the profitability index, (3) the internal rate of return, and (4) the payback period of the proposed project. DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (NEW COMPUTER) 1ST YR 83,000. 00 X 20% = 16,600. 00 2ND Yr 83,000. 00 x 32% = 26,560. 00 3rd Yr. 83,000. 00 x 19. 20 % = 15,936. 00 4th yr 83,000. 00 x 11. 52 % = 9,561. 60 5TH YEAR 83,000. 00 X 11. 52% = 9,561. 60 6TH YEAR 83,000 X 5. 76% = 4,780. 80 TOTAL P 83,000. 00 DEPRECIATION USING MACRS TABLE (OLD COMPUTER) 1ST YR 97,000. 00 X 20% = 19,400. 00 2ND Yr 97,000. 00 x 32% = 31,040. 0 3rd Yr. 97,000. 00 x 19. 20 % = 18,624. 00 4th yr 97,000. 00 x 11. 52 % = 11,174. 40 5TH YEAR 97,000. 00 X 11. 52% = 11,174. 40 6TH YEAR 97,000 X 5. 76% = 5,587. 20 TOTAL P 97,000. 00 UNUSED DEPRECIATION OF OLD COMPUTER IS 5,587. 50 CASH INFLOWS/CASH OUTFLOWS FOR NEW EQUIPMENT 1ST YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 16,600 Electrical Wirings 2,300. 0 Working Capital 3,500. 00 22,400. 00 I ncome before Tax ( 2,400,00 ) VVVVVVVVVVVV 2nd YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 26,560. 0 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 29. 360. 50 Income before Tax ( 9,360. 50) Vvvvvvvvvvv 3RD YEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 15,936. 00 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 18,736. 0 Income before Tax 1,264. 00 Income Tax (1,264. 00 x 35%) 442. 40 NET INCOME 821. 60 VVVVVVVV 4thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 9,561. 0 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 12,361. 60 Income before Tax 7,638. 40 Income Tax (7638. 40 x 35%) 2,673. 44 NET INCOME 4,964. 96 VVVVVVVV thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 9,561. 60 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 12,361. 60 Income before Tax 7,638. 40 Income Tax (7638. 40 x 35%) 2,673. 44 4,964. 96 vvvvvvvvv thYEAR TOTAL SAVINGS 20,000. 00 Less: Depreciation Expense 4,780. 80 Working Capital (20,000 x 14%) 2800. 00 7,580. 80 Income before Tax 1 2,419. 20 Income Tax (12419. 20x 35%) 4,346. 72 NET INCOME 8,072. 48 VvvvvvvvC A S H FLOW _____________________________________ CASH IN : CASH OUT 20,000. 00 : 83,000. 00 20,000. 00 : 2,300. 00 20,000. 00 : 3,500. 00 20,000. 00 : 2,800. 00 20,000. 0 : 2,800. 00 20,000. 00 : 442. 40 : 2,800. 00 : 2,673. 44 : 2,800. 00 : 2,673. 44 : 2,800. 00 : 4,346. 2 Totals 120,000. 00 : 112,936. 00 Vvvvvvvvvv vv vvv vvv NET PRESENT VALUE: P 4,500. 00 SINCE MACHINE IS FULLY DEPRECIATED PROFITABILITY INDEX/INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN 1ST YEAR – NONE 2ND YEAR – NONE 3RD YEAR – 821. 60 / 20,000. 00 = 4% 4TH YEAR – 4964. 96 / 20,000 = 25% 5TH YEAR – 4964. 96 / 20,000 = 25% 6TH YEAR – 8072. 48 / 20,000 = 40% Payback period starts on the 3RD YEAR†¦.. Enmar (NICO) P. Matuguinas BSBA_Marketing Management 3rd